1. Louisiana-Texas coastal response during recent hurricanes and an oil spill from ocean color and model results Eurico D’Sa Dong-Shan Ko*, Mitsuko Korobkin, Nan Walker Dept. of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences Louisiana State University *Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center Thanks: NASA Ocean Color Data Processing Team Funding: NASA MMS 2010 NASA OCRT Meeting

2. How do hazards and pollutants impact the hydrography and biology of the coastal zone? How do they affect us and can we mitigate their effects? NOAA -CSCOR Background Mississippi River ranks 2nd globally in terms of drainage basin and river discharge Discharge from the Mississippi- Atchafalaya River strongly influences biogeochemical properties of the northern Gulf of Mexico Science Question

3. Economic importance oil & gas ~1/3 of US fisheries yield Major issues Eutrophication and hypoxia Hurricanes and storms And now a major oil spill Background

4. Methods and data Ocean color and model results Two major hurricanes in 2008 Hurricane Gustav- 1 Sep Hurricane Ike – 13 Sep Outline Deepwater Horizon- oil spill Short-term monitoring using MODIS and model results

5. Components: Field data Used WAVCIS platform-based measurements for model validation NOAA tide station data Remote Sensing Ocean color products from MODIS and SeaWIFS SST from MODIS winds from QuikSCAT 3-D NCOM Model Sea level, Currents SST, SSS Horizontal resolution: ~1.9 km Gulf Coast Information System http://gulf-coast.lsu.edu

6. Satellite data MODIS SST Chl 250 m SPM = 17.783 (R rs 670/R rs 555) 1.11 Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) algorithm for SeaWiFS D’Sa, Miller & Del Castillo 2007 Geophysical Research Letters SeaWiFS Chl – OC4 SPM algorithm QuikSCAT Wind speed Direction

7. Nested MsLaTex Coastal Model Intra-Americas Seas model (GOM, Caribbean, part of western North Atlantic Ocean) NRL Coastal model nested within the the larger IntraAmericas Sea Model Longitude : 95.5 W – 88.2 W; Latitude : 27.0 N – 30.5 N Longitude : 95.5 W – 88.2 W; Latitude : 27.0 N – 30.5 N Horizontal Resolution : 1/64 Degree (~ 1.9 Km) Horizontal Resolution : 1/64 Degree (~ 1.9 Km) Vertical Resolution : 36 Layers (19 Layers on the shelf) Vertical Resolution : 36 Layers (19 Layers on the shelf) Number of Grids : 372 x 200 Number of Grids : 372 x 200

8. Short-term SPM -fronts 3/23/05 3/28/05 NCOM- model simulation of sea level & currents Wind forcing effects on: sea level, currents and SPM D’Sa and Ko, Sensors 2008

9. Hurricane studies SST and ocean color have been used to study effects of hurricanes A common observation has been a decrease in SST and Chl blooms associated with hurricane passage (Babin et al. 2004; Walker et al. 2005) Sediment resuspension events have been detected in NGOM from ocean color during Hurricanes Dennis and Rita in 2005 (Hu and Muller-Karger 2006; Lohrenz et al. 2008)

10. Hurricanes – physical processes Turbulent mixing and a coastally trapped barotropic Kelvin wave was also detected and modeled during Hurricane Andrew in 1992 (Keen and Glenn 1999; Keen and Allen JGR 2000) We examine the above physical processes detected using the MsLaTex 3-D model and its effects on the coastal ocean using satellite remote sensing data Hurricane Gustav – turbulent mixing Hurricane Ike – coastally trapped wave

11. Coastal response to Hurricane Ike D’Sa, Korobkin and Ko 2010 – Remote Sensing Letters – in press

12. Hurricane Ike effect on SST Avg 5-day (6-10 Sep 2008) Avg 5-day (14-18 Sep 2008)

13. Mean Sea Level (tide stations) vs and Sea Surface Height (model)

14. Hurricane Ike – coastally trapped barotropic Kelvin wave More than one maxima and reported earlier than expected surge appears to be due to a coastally trapped wave CTW is a rapidly moving disturbance that takes the form of a wave field and travels along the coastline CTW form as hurricane winds force the ocean water against the coast and create a bulge of high sea level CTW have been shown to amplify the storm surge (Morey et al 2006) NCOM SSH on 11 Sep, 1200 UTC NCOM SSH on 12 Sep, 0600 UTC

15. Hurricane Ike – coastally trapped barotropic Kelvin wave Time-distance plot of SSH simulated by NCOM along 28.5°N lat. suggests the appearance of a large wave at the Mississippi Canyon (~90W longitude) on Sept 12. It traveled from 90-95° W in ~ 8 hrs => speed 17 m s -1. Assuming H = 30m Speed of CTW √gH = 17 ms -1 Hypothesis: Forerunner wave Sediment resuspension

16. Hurricane Ike Effects on coastal SPM SPM from SeaWiFS for 17, 25, 27, 30 Sep Two wind events 15, 21 Discharge of inundated waters Plumes of elevated SPM River discharge increased by 12% (25- 29 Sept)

17. Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico April 20 explosion at the Deepwater Horizon rig Modis 250 m res imagery has been most useful Many sources – : NASA MODIS web-rapid response project MODIS Terra – 29 April MODIS Terra – 4 May NCOM SSH on 11 Sep, 1200 utc Hu et al. 2003 and 2008 - used MODIS 250 for detecting oil in surface waters

18. MODIS Chl (Aqua) MODIS Terra – 29 April: True color MODIS Rrs(412) (Aqua)

19. MODIS adg(412) (QAA) 29 April 2008

20. MODIS Aqua - 25 Apr 18:50 UTC MODIS DB – Near real time imagery LSU Earth Scan Lab – esl.lsu.edu MODIS Terra - 29 Apr 16:48 UTC MODIS Terra - 1 May 16:48 UTC MODIS Terra - 8 May 16:48 UTC MODIS Aqua - 9 May 16:48 UTC

22. Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill MODIS Terra - 29 Apr band 2 -856 nm Converted to model grid using optimal interpolation Surface velocity distribution

23. Gulf oil spill – effects on ocean color products MODIS 250 m after accounting for sun glint and cloud could be assimilated into numerical models for spill trajectory analysis Reflectance characteristics different for MODIS Aqua and Terra Different effects of oil slick and sheen on reflectance data Need to account for changing nature of the oil in surface waters due to degradation; also surface vs subsurface Hyperspectral sensors (AVIRIS, HySpiri, GEO-CAPE) baseline optical data would be very useful in characterizing changes

24. Coastal response to hurricanes not clear from remote sensing or numerical models alone combining satellite and model data provided considerable insights into interaction of physical (turbulent mixing and coastally trapped waves) and biogeochemical processes MODIS 250 m data proving to be most useful for oil spill monitoring Need for timely field data to characterize ocean color data related to oil spill Conclusions

25. Thank You