1. Chapter 3
Socialization

2. Society Makes Us Human Feral Children Isolated Children
Institutionalized Children
Deprived Animals
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3. Socialization into the Self and Mind
Cooley and the Looking Glass Self
Imitation, Play, Team Games
Mead and Role Taking
Imitation
Play
Team Games
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4. Cooley: Looking-Glass Self
Module 14
Cooley: Looking-Glass Self
View of ourselves comes from contemplation of personal qualities and impressions of how others perceive us
Looking-glass self: The self is product of social interactions with other people

5. Mead: Stages of the Self
Module 14
Mead: Stages of the Self
Preparatory Stage: Children imitate people around them
As they grow older, children become more adept at using symbols

6. Mead: Stages of the Self
Module 14
Mead: Stages of the Self
Play Stage: Children develop skill in communicating through symbols and role taking occurs
Role taking: Process of mentally assuming perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint

7. Mead: Stages of the Self
Module 14
Mead: Stages of the Self
Game Stage: Children of about 8 or 9 consider several actual tasks and relationships simultaneously
-Mead used the game of baseball as an example of this stage

8. Mead: Stages of the Self
Generalized others: Children of about 10 begin to take the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole into account.

9. Mead and Role-taking The self is divided into “I” and “Me”:
“I” represents the unique traits of each person.
“Me” is composed of the demands of others and the awareness of those demands.
“I” develops first. “Me” is formed during first three stages of self development.

10. Mead: Theory of the Self
Module 14
Mead: Theory of the Self
Self begins as privileged, central position in a person’s world
As the person matures, the self changes and begins to reflect greater concern about reactions of others
Significant others: Individuals most important in the development of the self

11. Goffman: Presentation of the Self
Module 14
Goffman: Presentation of the Self
Impression management: Individual learns to slant presentation of self to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences
Also known as dramaturgical approach
Face-work: Need to maintain proper image of self to continue social interaction

12. Psychological Approaches to the Self
Module 14
Psychological Approaches to the Self
Sigmund Freud
Self is a social product
Natural impulsive instincts in constant conflict with societal constraints
Personality influenced by others (especially one’s parents)
Self has components that work in opposition to each other
Art to come

13. Sigmund Freud ( )
Human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of personality:
Id: Present at birth; Pleasure principle
Ego: Develops over the first few years; Reality principle
Superego: Develops in a preschool child; Morality principle

14. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Personality Development
To the id, the world is a jumble of physical sensations that bring pleasure or pain
As the superego develops, moral concepts of right and wrong are learned
Id and superego remain in conflict
Managed by the ego in a well-adjusted person

15. Psychological Approaches to the Self
Module 14
Psychological Approaches to the Self
Piaget
Emphasized stages that humans progress through as the self develops
Cognitive theory of development: four stages in development of children’s thought processes
Social interaction key to development

16. Jean Piaget (1896-1980) Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget used five key concepts to explain how cognitive development occurs:
Schema
Assimilation
Accommodation
Equilibrium
Equilibration

17. Socialization into the Self and Mind
Piaget and the Development of Reasoning
The sensorimotor stage
The preoperational stage
The concrete operational stage
The formal operational stage
Global Aspects of the Self and Reasoning
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18. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2) - children understand the world through sensory contact and immediate action.
Preoperational stage (age 2 to 7) - children begin to use words as symbols and form mental images.

19. Conservation and Reversibility Problems

20. Conservation and Reversibility Problems

21. Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Concrete operational stage (7 to 11) - children think in terms of tangible objects and events.
Formal operational stage (12 and up) - adolescents begin to think about the future and evaluate different courses of action.

22. Most difficult socialization challenges occur in later years
Module 14
The Life Course
Rites of Passage: Means of dramatizing and validating changes in a person’s status
Life Course Approach: Looking closely at social factors that influence people throughout their lives
Most difficult socialization challenges occur in later years 22

23. Socialization into Emotions
Global Emotions
Following “Feeling Rules”
What We Feel
Research Needed
Society Within Us: The Self and Emotions as Social Control
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24. Society Within Us The Self and Emotions as Social Control Are We Free?
Expectations of Family and Friends
Social Mirror
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25. Socialization into Gender
Learning the Gender Map
Gender Messages in the Family
Gender Messages from Peers
Gender Messages in the Mass Media
Advertising
Movies and Television; Video Games
Anime
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26. Agents of Socialization
The Family
Social Class and Type of Work
The Neighborhood
Religion
Day Care
The School and Peer Groups
The Workplace
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27. Socialization Through Life
Childhood - Birth to ~12 yrs
Adolescence - 13 to 17 yrs
Transitional Adulthood - 18 to 29 yrs
The Middle Years - 30 to 65 yrs
Early Middle Years - 30 to 49 yrs
Later Middle Years - 50 to 65 yrs
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28. Transitional Adulthood: A New Stage in the Life Course
Who has completed the transition?
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29. Socialization Through Life
The Older Years (about age 65 on)
The Transitional Older Years
The Later Older Years
Sociological Significance of Life Course
Does Not Merely Represent Biology
Social Factors Influence Life Course
Social Location Very Significant
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30. Are We Prisoners of Socialization?
Sociologists Do Not Think So
We have a self
Individual behavior is hard to predict
Individuals Are Actively Involved in the Construction of the Self
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31. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.