1. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 STAT 101 Dr. Kari Lock Morgan 10/23/12 Sections 6.1-6.3, 6.7-6.9 Single Proportion, p Distribution (6.1) Intervals and tests (6.2, 6.3) Difference in proportions, p 1 – p 2 One proportion or two? (6.7) Distribution (6.7) Intervals and tests (6.8, 6.9) Inference for Proportions: Normal Distribution

2. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 Central Limit Theorem! For a sufficiently large sample size, the distribution of sample statistics for a mean or a proportion is normal

3. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 IF SAMPLE SIZES ARE LARGE… A confidence interval can be calculated by where z * is a N(0,1) percentile depending on the level of confidence. Interval Using N(0,1)

4. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 IF SAMPLE SIZES ARE LARGE… A p-value is the area in the tail(s) of a N(0,1) beyond Tests Using N(0,1)

5. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 Today, we’ll learn formulas for the standard errors. Standard Errors

6. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 The standard error for a sample proportion can be calculated by SE of a Proportion *Notice the sample size in the denominator… as the sample size increases, the standard error decreases

7. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 If he is truly guessing randomly, then p = 0.5 so the SE of his sample proportion correct out of 8 guesses is Paul the Octopus

8. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 www.lock5stat.com/statkey Paul the Octopus This is the same value we get from a randomization distribution…

9. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 If Paul really does have psychic powers, and can guess the correct team every time, then p = 1, and Paul the Octopus

10. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5

11. If counts for each category are at least 10 (np ≥ 10 and n(1 – p) ≥ 10), then CLT for a Proportion

12. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 One small problem… if we are doing inference for p, we don’t know p! For confidence intervals, use your best guess for p: Standard Error

13. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 Confidence Interval for a Single Proportion

14. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 On 10/17/12, a random sample of 500 North Carolina likely voters were polled. 260 said they plan to vote for Mitt Romney. Give a 95% CI for the proportion of likely voters in North Carolina that support Mitt Romney. http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/elections/electio n_2012/election_2012_presidential_election/north_carolina/election_2012_n orth_carolina_president Obama vs Romney

15. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 Counts are greater than 10 in each category For a 95% confidence interval, z * = 2 Obama vs Romney We are 95% confident that between 47.5% and 56.6% of likely voters in North Carolina support Romney.

16. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 Obama vs Romney

17. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 Obama vs Romney

18. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 Other Levels of Confidence www.lock5stat.com/statkey Technically, for 95% confidence, z* = 1.96, but 2 is much easier to remember, and close enough

19. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 z*z* -z * P% z* on TI-83 2 nd  DISTR  3: invNorm(  Proportion below z* (for a 95% CI, the proportion below z* is 0.975)

20. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 Margin of Error For a single proportion, what is the margin of error? a) b) c) CI = statistic  margin of error

21. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 Margin of Error You can choose your sample size in advance, depending on your desired margin of error! Given this formula for margin of error, solve for n.

22. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 Margin of Error

23. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 Margin of Error Suppose we want to estimate a proportion with a margin of error of 0.03 with 95% confidence. How large a sample size do we need? (a)About 100 (b)About 500 (c)About 1000 (d) About 5000

24. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 Hypothesis Testing For hypothesis testing, we want the distribution of the sample proportion assuming the null hypothesis is true What to use for p?

25. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 Hypothesis Testing The p-value is the area in the tail(s) beyond z in a N(0,1)

26. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 Of the 2430 Major League Baseball (MLB) games played in 2009, the home team won in 54.9% of the games. If we consider 2009 as a representative sample of all MLB games, is this evidence of a home field advantage in Major League Baseball? (a) Yes (b) No (c) No idea The p-value is very small, so we have very strong evidence of a home field advantage. Baseball Home Field Advantage

27. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 Baseball Home Field Advantage Counts are greater than 10 in each category Based on this data, there is strong evidence of a home field advantage in major league baseball.

28. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 Baseball Home Field Advantage

29. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 p-value on TI-83 2 nd  DISTR  3: normalcdf(  lower bound, upper bound Hint: if you want greater than 2, just put 2, 100 (or some other large number)

30. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 One Proportion or Two? Two proportions: there are two separate categorical variables One proportion: there is only one categorical variable

31. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 One Proportion or Two? Of residents in the triangle area on Saturday, was the proportion of people cheering for Duke or UNC greater? How much greater? a)Inference for one proportion b)Inference for two proportions (Note: assume no one will be cheering for both) This is one categorical variable: which team each person will be cheering for on Saturday night.

32. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 One Proportion or Two? Who was more likely to be wearing a blue shirt on Saturday night, a UNC fan or a Duke fan? a)Inference for one proportion b)Inference for two proportions This is two categorical variables: which team each person will be cheering for on Saturday night, and whether each person is wearing a blue shirt.

33. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5

34. If counts within each category (each cell of the two- way table) are at least 10

35. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 Metal Tags and Penguins Give a 90% confidence interval for the difference in proportions. Source: Saraux, et. al. (2011). “Reliability of flipper- banded penguins as indicators of climate change,” Nature, 469, 203-206. Are metal tags detrimental to penguins? A study looked at the 10 year survival rate of penguins tagged either with a metal tag or an electronic tag. 20% of the 167 metal tagged penguins survived, compared to 36% of the 189 electronic tagged penguins.

36. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 Metal Tags and Penguins We are 90% confident that the survival rate is between 0.09 and 0.237 lower for metal tagged penguins, as opposed to electronically tagged.

37. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 Metal Tags and Penguins www.lock5stat.com/statkey

38. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 Hypothesis Testing What should we use for p 1 and p 2 in the formula for SE for hypothesis testing?

39. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 Pooled Proportion Overall sample proportion across both groups. It will be in between the two observed sample proportions.

40. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 Hypothesis Testing The p-value is the area in the tail(s) beyond z in a N(0,1)

41. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 Metal Tags and Penguins Are metal tags detrimental to penguins? (a) Yes (b) No (c) Cannot tell from this data 20% of the 167 metal tagged penguins survived, compared to 36% of the 189 electronic tagged penguins. Yes. The p-value is very small.

42. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 Metal Tags and Penguins Are metal tags detrimental to penguins?

43. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 Metal Tags and Penguins This is very strong evidence that metal tags are detrimental to penguins.

44. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 Metal Tags and Penguins www.lock5stat.com/statkey

45. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 Accuracy The accuracy of intervals and p-values generated using simulation methods (bootstrapping and randomization) depends on the number of simulations (more simulations = more accurate) The accuracy of intervals and p-values generated using formulas and the normal distribution depends on the sample size (larger sample size = more accurate) If the distribution of the statistic is truly normal and you have generated many simulated randomizations, the p-values should be very close

46. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 For a single proportion: For a difference in proportions: Summary

47. Statistics: Unlocking the Power of Data Lock 5 To Do Read Sections 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9 Do Homework 5 (due Tuesday, 10/30)Homework 5