1. (بسم الله الرحمن الر حيم)

2. 251PHG

3. Cell Content
Cont.
Lab(2)

4. Cell Content Cell Content: I-Stomata II-Ca-Oxalate Crystals
III-Trichomas (hair)
IV-Pollen Grain

5. II-Ca-Oxalate Crystals
What is Calcium Oxalate Crystals?
It is formed in plant to get rid of excess calcium salts,where it reacts with oxalic acid formed by metabolism of carbohydrates.
Calcium oxalate precipitates in different shapes & sizes .
Calcium oxalate is of great importance in identification & differentiation of different plants.

6. II-Ca-Oxalate Crystals
Mount :
Powder + Chloral hydrate

7. II-Ca-Oxalate Crystals
Calcium oxalate precipitates in different shapes & sizes .
Prisms: ex: Quillaia
2. Clusters: ex : Rhubarb
3. Raphides: ex : Squill

8. II-Ca-Oxalate Crystals
Cont.
Calcium oxalate precipitates in different shapes & sizes .
4. Crystal sheath: ex:Senna
5. Rosettes: ex:Datura stramonium
6. Microsphenoidal ( Sandy crystals ): ex:Atropa belladonna
7. Twins: ex:Hyoscymous

9. III-Trichomes(Hair) Types of Hair a)Non glandular hair
b)Glandular hair
1)Simple hair
2)Multicellular hair
1)Unicellular stalk,unicellular head
2)Unicellular stalk,multicellular head
3)Multicellular head multicellular stalk
4)Branched hair

10. III-Trichomes(Hair) Types of Hair: A) Non glanduler hair:
1) Simple hair:
a- Warty Cuticle hair (senna)
b-Cystolyth hair (Cannabis)

11. III-Trichomes(Hair) Types of Hair: A) Non glanduler hair:
Cont.
Types of Hair:
A) Non glanduler hair:
2) Multicellular:
Uniseriate: (formed one row of cells)
* Conical shaped hair (Datura Strammonium)
* T-shape hair (Pyrethrium)
* Collapsed hair (Digitalis)

12. III-Trichomes(Hair) Types of Hair: B) Glanduler hair:
Cont.
Types of Hair:
B) Glanduler hair:
Unicellular stalk,Unicellular head (Digitalis)
2) Unicellular stalk,Multicellular head
a) Digitalis
b) Mentha”Labiaceous hair”

13. III-Trichomes(Hair) Types of Hair: B) Glanduler hair:
Cont.
Types of Hair:
B) Glanduler hair:
3) Branched hair (Hyocymus)
4) Multicellular stalk,Multicellular head”Shagy hair” (Cannabis)

14. IV-Pollen Grains Types of Pollen grain:
Spiny pollen grain: (Pyrethrium)
2)Triangular pollen grain: (Clove)

15. IV-Pollen Grains Stomata:
Each stomata consists of two guard cells which guards the osteole.

16. IV-Pollen Grains Types of Stomata: 1.Anisocytic stomata:
Stomata is surrounded by three or four epidermal cells one of which is smaller than the others ex : solanaceae
2.Anomocytic stomata :
Stomata is surrounded by the same epidermal cells ex : digitalis leaf

17. IV-Pollen Grains Types of Stomata: 3. Paracytic stomata :
Stomata is surrounded by two epidermal cells with their long axis parallel to that of the osteole ex : Senna
4. Diacytic stomata :
Stomata is surrounded by two epidermal cells with their long axis at right angle to that of the osteole ex : peppermint

18. I)Types of Stomata: 1-Paracytic Stomata: 2- Diacytic Stomata:
4-Anomocytic Stomata:
3-Aisocytic Stomata:

19. III-Trichomes(Hair)
Senna (Paracytic stomata,warty cuticle hair and Crystal sheath of Ca oxalate)
Mentha (Labiaceous hair and Diacytic stomata)
Datura Strammonium (cluster layer of Ca oxalate, non glandular hair and Anisocytic stomata)
Digitalis (glandular & non glandular hair,Anomocytic stomata)
Pyrethrium (pollen grain and T-shaped hair)
Quillaia (prism)

20. III-Trichomes(Hair) 7) Squill (raphides)
8) Hyoscymus (Branched hair,twin prism & anisocytic stomata)
9) Rhubarb (Cluster of Ca oxalate)
10) Atropa Belladona (sandy crystal & anisocytic stomata)
11) Clove (Triangular pollen grain)

21. Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
Lab(3)

22. Atropa belladonna Datura stramonium Hyoscyamous muticus Cinchona
Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
Atropa belladonna
Datura stramonium
Hyoscyamous muticus
Cinchona
Nuxvomica

23. General Chemical Tests For Alkaloids :
Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
General Chemical Tests For Alkaloids :
Wagner,s reagent brown ppt.
Mayer,s reagent white ppt.
Dragendorff,s reagent orange ppt.

24. Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
1) Atropa belladonna:
Name : Atropa belladonna
Origin : dried leaf of Atropa belladonna
Family : Solanaceae
Odour : not characteristic
Taste : bitter
Color : green
Active constituents : Atropine

25. Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
Microscopical Examination : ( mount : KOH )
a) Ca oxalate : microsphenoidal ( sandy crystals )
b) Anisocytic stomata :
C ) Glandular trichome: (Unicellular head,Multicellular stalk)

26. Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
2)Datura stramonium:
Name : Datura stramonium
Origin : dried leaf of Datura stramonium
Family : Solanaceae
Odour : not characteristic
Taste : bitter
Color : green
Active constituents : Atropine

27. Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
Microscopical Examination:( mount : KOH )
a)Ca oxalate: Clusters ( Rossettes )
b)Anisocytic stomata :
C)Non Glandular trichome : covering hair, conical shape

28. Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
Specific test for Atropine:
Vital’s Test:
pd in porcelain dish + 5 drops fuming nitric acid
yellow residue + few drops 3% KOH in methanol violet color.

29. Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
3) Hyoscyamous muticus
Name : Hyoscyamous muticus
Origin : dried leaf of Hyoscyamous niger
Family : Solanaceae
Odour : not characteristic
Taste : bitter
Color : pale yellowish brown
Active constituents : Hyoscine , Hyoscyamine

30. Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
Microscopical Examination :( mount : KOH )
a) Ca oxalate : Twin prism
b) Anisocytic stomata :
C) Glandular trichome : branched hair

31. Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
4. Nux vomica
Name : Nux vomica
Origin : dried seeds of Nux vomica
Family : Loganiaceae
Odour : not characteristic
Taste : bitter
Color : grey
Active constituents : Strychnine, Brucine

32. Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
Microscopical Examination ( mount : conc HCL + phoroglucinol )
lignified ribs :
b ) epidermal cells with lignified ribs :
c ) endosperm:

33. Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
Spesific tests for strychnine & brucine :
Strychnine + Mandalin’s reagent violet color
Brucine + nitric acid reddish orange

34. Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
5) Cinchona:
Name : Cinchona
Origin : dried bark of Cinchona
Family : Rubiaceae
Odour : not characteristic
Taste : bitter
Color : reddish brown
Active constituents : Quinine + Quinidine

35. Natural Drugs Containing Alkaloids
Microscopical Examination ( mount : conc HCL + phoroglucinol )
lignified fiber: highly pitted , funnel shape
b ) parenchmatus cork cells
c ) oval starch granules
Spesific test: dried test red vapors

36. Drugs Containing . Glycosides
Lab(4)

37. Drugs Containing . Glycosides
Rhubarb
Senna Liquorice
Digitalis

38. On hydrolysis Drugs Containing . Glycosides
Glycosides Glycone + Aglycoene.
(Sugar part)+(Non sugar part).

39. Drugs Containing . Glycosides
I-Anthracene (Anthraquinone)
1) Senna
Name: Senna leaf
Origin:Dried leaf of Cassia acutifolia
Family: Leguminosae
Odour: Not characteristic
Taste: First sweet, then bitter
Color: yellowish green
Active constituent: Sennoside A&B

40. Drugs Containing . Glycosides
I-Anthracene (Anthraquinone)
Senna:
Microscopical examination: Mount: Chloral hydrate why not KOH?
Paracytic stomata:
b) Ca Oxalate: Crystal Sheath
c) Simple hair (non glandular)

41. Drugs Containing . Glycosides
I-Anthracene (Anthraquinone)
2) Rhubarb
Name: Rhubarb Rhizomes
Origin: Rheum Palmatum
Family: Polygonaceae
Odour: Characteristic
Taste: Aromatic bitter
Color: yellowish brown

42. Drugs Containing . Glycosides
I-Anthracene (Anthraquinone)
Rhubarb:
Microscopical examination: (Mount: H2O)
Starch granules,rounded simple & compound:
b) Mount in Chloralhydrate:
Clusters of Ca-Oxalate (Prisms)
c) Fragments of Vesseles

43. Test for combined Anthracene
Drugs Containing Glycosides
I-Anthracene (Anthraquinone)
Test for combined Anthracene
Modified Borntrager’s test
+ alc.KOH (WB.10min) Dil. HCl + H2O + CH3Cl
CH3Cl layer contains free anthraquine
+ dil.NH3
(shake) layers, upper rose pink
lower CH3Cl colorless

44. Drugs Containing . Glycosides
I-Anthracene (Anthraquinone)
Specific test for Anthracene:
Rhubarb: (Borntrager’s test)
+ H2O (WB.10min) CH3Cl layer contains free anthraquine
+ dil.NH3
(shake) layers, upper rose pink
lower CH3Cl colorless

45. Drugs Containing . Glycosides
II- Cardiac Glycoside:
3) Digitalis:
Name:Digitalis
Origin:Dried leaf of Digitalis purpurea
Family:Scrophulariaceae
Odour: Weak not characteristic
Taste: not characteristic
Color: Green
Active constituents: Digoxin,Digitoxin

46. Drugs Containing . Glycosides
II- Cardiac Glycoside:
3) Digitalis:
Microscopical examination:
Collapsed hair (multicellular,non glandular)
b) Digit hair(Unicellular stalk,Unicellular head)
(Unicellular stalk,Multicellular head)
c) Anomocytic Stomata:

47. Drugs Containing . Glycosides
II- Cardiac Glycoside:
3) Digitalis:
N.B.
No starch, No Ca-Oxalate, No fibers, No stone cells
Specific Test:
Killer Killani
Baljet test
Kedde test

48. Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils
Lab(5)

49. What is Volatile Oils? Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils
They are odorousprinciples found in plants evaporate when exposed to air at ordinary tempreature.

50. How to Prepare Volatile Oil?
Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils
How to Prepare Volatile Oil?
1) Cold Exoression (e.g.Citrus Oils)
Sponge Method
Scarification Method
2) Extraction Method:
Solid Extraction
(flowers)
Liquid Extraction

51. Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils
3) Steam Distillation:
a-Direct
(Using Clevenger apparatus)
b-In Direct
(for sensitive V.O.)

52. Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils
1) Mentha:
Name: Mentha piperita
Origin:Dried leaf of Mentha pipaita
Family: Lamiacea
Odour: charactristic
Taste: Charactristic
Color: Green menthol

53. Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils
1) Mentha: Mount KOH
Microscopical examination:
Diacytic Stomata:
b) Glandular hair(unicellular stalk , multicellular head)[ Labiaceous Hair]:

54. Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils
2) Anise:
Name: Anise
Origin: Dried fruit of Pimpinella anisum
Family: Apiaceae
Odour: Charactristic
Taste: Charactristic
Color: Olive green

55. Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils
2) Anise: Mount KOH
Microscopical examination
Non Glandular warty cuticle:
Branched Vittae:
Endocarp cells:

56. Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils
3) Clove:
Name: Clove
Origin: dried flower bud of Eugenia caryophyllus
Family: Myrtaceae
Colour: reddish brown
Odour: aromatic
Taste: Spice aromatic

57. Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils
3) Clove:
Microscopical examinations:
a- Oil gland
b-Fiber
c-Anthec
d- Triangular pollen grain

58. Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils
4) Cinnamon:
Name:Cinnamon
Origin: dried bark of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum
Family: Lauraceae
Colour: reddish brown
Odour: Characteristic Cinnamaldehyde
Taste: Characteristic

59. Natural Drugs Containing Volatile Oils
4) Cinnamon:
Microscopical examinations: (Mount KOH)
a-Oil Cell
a-Pericycle fiber
C- Stone Cells