1. Chinese One Child Policy Facts  The Chinese one child policy which was introduced by the Chinese government as a measure to reduce the country's birth rate and slow the population growth.  China in the 1950s had a population change of 1.9% each year  Due to the policy the population change each year is 0.7% Issues  Hard to enforce in rural areas  Many women claim to have forcibly been sterilised  Due to a traditional preference males now outnumber females by more than 60 million  The falling birth rate is leading to a greater number of elderly people compared to young

2. Italy's Aging Population Facts  20.3% of its population are people aged 65 years or over.  Forecast a high rise in the average age of the Italian residents, increasing from 43.5 years of age to 49.8 years in 2059  The continued ageing of the population is effecting the health of the country as a whole. Issues  A decreased percentage of younger adults in the population reduces the amount of consumer spending. Studies have shown that young adults spend almost twice as much as those over 65 on areas such as clothing and leisure.  Low labour force  Financial burden on the growing old ages Solutions  One solution to this problem is to encourage a greater number of young immigrants to settle in Italy in order to supplement the workforce.

3. Counter-Urbanisation Allerton Bywater Allerton Bywater is a semi-rural village and civil parish in the south-east of City of Leeds metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. Reasons  Environmental and social problems with inner cities pushed people away from urban areas. At the same time, more rural areas were seen as peaceful, unpolluted, offering greater space and the community spirit that was lacking in inner city areas  The growing popularity of the 'out-of-town' industrial and businesses parks as location for employment as industry also became unsatisfied with inner city areas  Improvements in rural transport infrastructures and increased car ownership allowed a greater freedom of choice when choosing where to live  The growth in Information Communication Technology (E-mail, Fax, Video-conferencing) has allowed further freedom as people can work from home and are not so tied to urban areas  For social reasons, as people re-acquaint with family or friends, retire to a quiet place, believe the countryside to be more suitable for families or decide the climate/environment is better for their health Issues  House prices can be pushed up as migrants sell expensive city properties and earn higher city wages. This can force young people to leave the village because they cannot afford a house  Public transport goes into decline because the new residents are car owners. This can be a major problem for village residents without their own transport, particularly the elderly.  As a large percentage of the migrants will be commuting to work traffic congestion increases. The problem is accentuated by the fact that they will be driving on narrow country roads.  Increase car pollution and accidents  Increase in population

4. Urbanisation - Kibera (LEDC) Kibera is the largest slum in Africa 60% of Kibera earn less than $1 a day Urbanisation is the growth of a country's population that are living in urban areas. Most of the population of MEDCs live in urban areas whereas much less live in urban areas of LEDCs Reasons  Increased and better jobs in urbanised areas  Better medical care  The rate of urbanisation in LEDCs is greater than in MEDCs. Issues  Shanty towns  Pollution

5. Changing Retail Provisions Junction 32 is an outlet shopping village Retail provisions have changed over time due to the vast changes in transportation allowing people to travel further in less time, it is also due to the change in market forces meaning the changes in supply and demand for specific goods and retail services. Specific Reasons  Ethical shopping  Quality of life  Clone towns  Internet shopping

6. Sustainable Living Sustainable living is living in such a way that is least damaging to the environment therefore a sustainable city is one that provides excellent public transport, recycling systems, energy efficient homes etc. All current cities should strive to become more sustainable by increasing cycling and public transport promotion and availability, increasing recycling, the use of renewable energy and the energy efficiency of homes Beddington Zero Energy Development is an environmentally friendly housing development in Hackbridge, London, England.  It cost £15 Million to build