1. FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26)

2. FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic

3. FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies & making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

4. FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies & making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

5. FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies & making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

6. FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies & making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

7. FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies & making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

8. FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies & making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

9. FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies & making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

10. FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies & making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

11. FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies & making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

12. FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies & making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

13. FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Bureaucr. reforms Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies & making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

14. FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Bureaucr. reforms Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies & making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

15. FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Bureaucr. reforms Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies & making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

16. FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Bureaucr. reforms Honest, efficient, & stable government in the provinces Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies & making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people

17. FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Bureaucr. reforms Honest, efficient, & stable government in the provinces Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies & making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people Military reforms Aug. gave army its pay & pensions Cut army from from 60 to 28 legions

18. FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Bureaucr. reforms Honest, efficient, & stable government in the provinces Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies & making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people Military reforms Aug. gave army its pay & pensions Cut army from from 60 to 28 legions

19. FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Bureaucr. reforms Honest, efficient, & stable government in the provinces Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies & making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people Military reforms Aug. gave army its pay & pensions Cut army from from 60 to 28 legions

20. FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Bureaucr. reforms Honest, efficient, & stable government in the provinces Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies & making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people Military reforms Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers Aug. gave army its pay & pensions Cut army from from 60 to 28 legions

21. FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Bureaucr. reforms Honest, efficient, & stable government in the provinces Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies & making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Rome faces few outside threats for 200 yrs. Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people Military reforms Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers Aug. gave army its pay & pensions Cut army from from 60 to 28 legions

22. FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Bureaucr. reforms Honest, efficient, & stable government in the provinces Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies & making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Rome faces few outside threats for 200 yrs. Medit’s central position  fast comm’s Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people Military reforms Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers Aug. gave army its pay & pensions Cut army from from 60 to 28 legions

23. FC.32 THE AUGUSTAN PRINCIPATE & PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Pax Romana: Except for conquering Britain & Dacia, 200 years of nearly unbroken peace & prosperity throughout the Mediterranean, with trade routes extending to China & India (FC. 33) Bureaucr. reforms Honest, efficient, & stable government in the provinces Regularly paid & trained officials Equites trained for mid-level jobs Civil wars & turmoil of the late republic (FC. 31) Romans’ traditional & conservative nature (FC. 26) Octavian must create a strong one-man rule while making it look like good old days of the Republic Efficient, loyal & honest provincial gov’s Works to get more reliable provincial governors through: Procurators, Augustus’ agents who watch gov’s Using old Rep’s offices to train them Regular pay  No need for corruption Still need reliable army, governors, & bureaucrats for provinces (FC. 30) Augustan Principate where Octavian (aka Augustus) kept only harmless sounding republican powers that still gave him control of armies & making laws: Proconsul’s powers to control milit. prov’s & army while leaving non-milit. provs to the Senate Rome faces few outside threats for 200 yrs. Medit’s central position  fast comm’s Succession ensured by giving chosen successor tribunician & proconsular powers before Augustus died Tribune’s powers to propose & veto laws while posing as the champion of the common people Military reforms Cheap, but highly trained & loyal army guarding frontiers Aug. gave army its pay & pensions Cut army from from 60 to 28 legions