1. A Paradigm - a perspective of way of looking at the world

2. The position from which you look at an object affects the way that you see it, and hence the assumptions that you make about it

5. Perspective is especially important for designers – architects, artists, interior designers, for example The way that you see something affects the way that you interpret it; decisions that you make; judgments of pleasing versus displeasing … all based on what you see from your perspective

7. Are you looking up or down?

8. Your perspectives also affect your attitude towards something for example - optimistic or pessimistic?

10. Do you focus on the donut or the hole?

11. Half full OR half empty?

12. Depending upon your perspective, you might make judgments that are not true, or are only partially true

13. For example, consider the elephant…

14. The Blind Man and the Elephant It was six men of Indostan To learning much inclined, Who went to see the Elephant (Though all of them were blind), That each by observation ~Might satisfy his mind.

15. The First approached the Elephant, And happening to fall Against his broad and sturdy side, ~ At once began to bawl: "God bless me! but the Elephant ~ Is very like a wall!"

16. The Second, feeling of the tusk, Cried, "Ho! what have we here? So very round and smooth and sharp? ~ To me 'tis mighty clear This wonder of an Elephant ~ Is very like a spear!"

17. The Third approached the animal, And happening to take The squirming trunk within his hands, ~ Thus boldly up and spake: "I see," quoth he, "the Elephant ~ Is very like a snake!"

18. The Fourth reached out an eager hand, And felt about the knee. "What most this wondrous beast is like ~ Is mighty plain," quoth her; "'Tis clear enough the Elephant ~ Is very like a tree!"

19. The Fifth who chanced to touch the ear, Said: "E'en the blindest man Can tell what this resembles most; ~ Deny the fact who can, This marvel of an Elephant ~ Is very like a fan!"

20. The Sixth no sooner had begun About the beast to grope, Than, seizing on the swinging tail ~ That fell within his scope, "I see," quoth he, "the Elephant ~ Is very like a rope!

21. And so these men of Indostan Disputed loud and long, Each in his own opinion ~ Exceeding stiff and strong, Though each was partly in the right ~ And all were in the wrong!

22. The Moral of the Story… So oft in theologic wars, The disputants, I ween, Rail on in utter ignorance Of what each other mean, And prate about an Elephant Not one of them has seen! -John Godfrey Saxe

23. When studying anything ensure that you are comprehensive

24. When studying children we use theories to enable us to better understand children and their behaviours Theory of Cognitive Development (Piaget) Theory of Moral Development (Kohlberg; Gilligan) Theory of Psycho-sexual behaviour (Freud) Theory of Psycho-social Behaviour (Erikson) Theory of Multiple Intelligences (Gardner) Theory of Human Needs (Maslow) Family Life Cycle Theory

25. A Theory is… An explanation or view of events, behaviours, or situations that make them easier to organize & understand It may be based on experimental research, or on speculation about events that occur & follow the same pattern over & over again All theories have some element of truth A good theory predicts reality with some degree of accuracy We seek to find a theory with the best fit of predicting reality

27. CHILDREN Family Life Cycle Theory Theory of Human Needs (Maslow) Theory of Multiple Intelligences (Gardner) Theory of Moral Development (Kohlberg; Gilligan) Theory of Psycho- sexual Development (Freud) Theory of Psycho- social Development (Erikson) Theory of Cognitive Development (Piaget)