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Classical Conditioning UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS REFLEX ACTION will elicit a UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS NEUTRAL STIMULUS REFLEX ACTION will elicit a CONDITIONED.

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Presentation on theme: "Classical Conditioning UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS REFLEX ACTION will elicit a UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS NEUTRAL STIMULUS REFLEX ACTION will elicit a CONDITIONED."— Presentation transcript:

1 Classical Conditioning UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS REFLEX ACTION will elicit a UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS NEUTRAL STIMULUS REFLEX ACTION will elicit a CONDITIONED STIMULUS will elicit a CONDITIONED RESPONSE NEUTRAL STIMULUS will elicit NO REACTION

2 Operant Conditioning Classical: Behavior=reaction Operant: Behavior=designed to produce consequence Consequences –positive and negative reinforcement –positive and negative punishment

3 Consequences Reinforcement –increases frequency of operant response positive: arrival of stimulus increases likelihood of operant response; operant responsearrival of stimulus negative: removal of stimulus increases likelihood of operant response; operant responseremoval of stimulus

4 Consequences Punishment –decreases frequency of operant response positive: arrival of stimulus decreases likelihood of response; responsearrival of stimulus negative: removal of stimulus decreases likelihood of response; responseremoval of stimulus

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7 Reinforcement Schedules Continuous: 1 to 1 ratio, a prize every time Ratio –fixed: 1 to ?, a prize every ? time –variable: ? to ?, maybe a prize, maybe not! Interval –fixed: announced examination –variable: pop quiz

8 Classical vs. Operant Conditioning CLASSICAL Stimulus precedes the response and elicits it Elicited responses Learning as a result of association Pavlov OPERANT Stimulus follows the response and strengthens it Emitted responses Learning as a result of consequences Skinner

9 Cognitive View So far: S-R behaviorists (Watson, Skinner) Now: S-O-R: stimulus, organism/ interpretation/ response eg: Herrnstein’s pigeons; concept of trees. Rescorla: class. cond. as S-S association; learned expectancy

10 Rescorla’s experiment Question: Do animals learn S-R (or S-S association? UCS: loud sound; UCR: freezing; CS: light

11 Rescorla’s experiment Loud sound light freezing Loud sound light freezing

12 Rescorla’s experiment condition rats habituate half of them to sound (UCS) test their reaction to light (CS) What would S-R vs S-S theory predict?

13 Pfautz et al. (1978) Stage 1: 30s tone followed by 10s light Stage 2: light paired with shock 8 times Stage 3: tone alone What does S-R vs S-S predict?

14 UCS inflation effect Stage 1: sound (CS), el. shock (UCS); UCR and CR: freezing Stage 2: 2 levels of shock without sound Stage 3: sound alone What does S-R vs S-S predict?

15 Conditioning depends on CS’ predictive value CS must precede UCS CS must signal heightened probability of UCS occurrence Conditioning ineffective when animal already has good predictor.

16 Conclusions classical conditioning “not a stupid process by which organism forms willy-nilly associations between any two stimuli…” rather: organism as “information seeker”

17 Cognitive aspects of Operant conditioning Positive/ Negative Contrast effect Overjustification effect

18 Learning What to Eat food aversion learning: problem with classical conditioning view

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