1. KACT, WCO Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium, July, 2 – 3, 2014 Customs Valuation Ulrika Lyckman-Alnered Luximan Babajee 1

2. Be on time No PCs or mobile phones Respect There is no such thing as a stupid question Support Team Work Active participation Have fun Ground Rules 2

3. HELLO Introductions 3

4. Master Class in Customs Valuation Sessions I-VI Day 1 IIntroduction to the programme and an introduction to WCO IIGeneral introduction to Customs Valuation IIIExercise on customs valuation and its basic components IV WTO and its work; Dispute Settlement Body Day 2 VCompulsory adjustments, optional adjustments, assists & royalties, successive sale and freight terms. VIExercise on customs valuation, summary and closing remarks 44

5. Session I Introduction to the World Customs Organisation WCO; Luximan Babajee

6. Session II General Introduction to Customs Valuation Demos: Ulrika Lyckman-Alnered WCO: Luximan Babajee

7. Value? Your definition? “  worth; desirability”; “purchasing power; equivalent of a thing  which may be substituted or exchanged for a thing  ” (Concise Oxford Dictionary) 77

8. Value 8 Worth Choice Acquire Sale Lease- Hire Loan Swap Barter

9. Value Purchase Importer Goods Imported Customs Value Declaration

10. Agreement on implementation of Article VII of the GATT (1994) Customs Value of Imported Goods is: “  the value of goods for the purpose of levying ad valorem duties of customs  ”

11. Types of Customs Duties AD VALOREM - % OF CUSTOMS VALUE SPECIFIC/FIXED - COST PER UNIT OF MEASUREMENT e.g., 1 c.u. per kg COMPOSITE - AD VALOREM & SPECIFIC/FIXED

12. – URUGUAY ROUND (WTO VALUATION AGREEMENT) – TOKYO ROUND (GATT VALUATION CODE) – BRUSSELS DEFINITION OF VALUE – G.A.T.T./EUROPEAN CUSTOMS STUDY GROUP – U.N. CONFERENCE ON TRADE & EMPLOYMENT – LEAGUE OF NATIONS 1947 1953 1973 ~ 1979 1986 ~ 1993 Pre-1947

13. LESSON 2: General Introductory Commentary PART I - Rules on customs valuation (Articles 1-17) PART II -Administration, consultations & dispute settlement (Articles 18 & 19) PART III -Special & differential treatment (Article 20) PART IV -Final provisions (Articles 21-24) ANNEX I -Interpretative Notes: General Note / Notes to Articles ANNEX II -Technical Committee on customs valuation ANNEX III -Derogations for developing countries

14. Preamble Greater uniformity and certainty A fair, uniform and neutral system Precludes the use of arbitrary or fictitious customs values The basis for valuation should, to the greatest extent possible, be the transaction value Simple and equitable criteria consistent with commercial practices Valuation procedures should not be used to combat dumping

15. Methods of Valuation Article 1Transaction Value Article 2Transaction Value of Identical Goods Article 3Transaction Value of Similar Goods Article 4Application of Articles 5 & 6 Article 5Deductive Method Article 6Computed Value Method Article 7Fallback Method Article 8Additional elements to be added to the transaction value

16. Articles 9-17 Article 9Currency conversion Article 10Confidentiality Article 11Importers right to appeal without penalty. Article 12Obligation to publish laws. Article 13Obligation to provide a guarantee system. Article 14Refers to Annex I Notes, Annexes II and III. Article 15Defines certain words and terms. Article 16Right of importers to written explanation. Article 17Rights of customs administrations

17. Articles 18-24 Article 18WTO Valuation Committee and WCO Technical Committee on Customs Valuation. Article 19Consultations and disputes. Article 20Special provisions available to developing countries. Article 21Reservations. Article 22Obligations regarding national legislation. Article 23Review of implementation and operation of the Agreement by WTO Valuation Committee. Article 24Responsibilities of WTO and WCO Secretariats

18. LESSON 3: Absence of Sell Free of charge shipments Goods imported on consignment Goods imported by intermediaries, who do not purchase the goods Goods imported by branches Leased goods Goods supplied on loan Waste or scrap for destruction Goods which are the subject of barter or compensation

19. Relevant Sale A sale for export to the country of importation Price Actually Paid or Payable All the payments Made or to be made By the buyer to the seller Or for the benefit of the seller As a condition of sale of the imported goods

20. Discounts Accepted if they are available to all buyers Negotiated between the buyer and the seller Transaction value is always the price actually paid or payable Reductions to the price for the purchase of specific quantities Must be available to all buyers The quantity which determined the unit price of the goods being valued is the relevant “price” Quantity discounts

21. LESSON 4: Payments Payments may be direct or indirect by the buyer to the seller Indirect Payments The price actually paid or payable is reduced due to a debt owed by the seller to the buyer Settlement by the buyer of a debt owed by the seller to a third party These amounts will form part of the customs value of the imported goods.

22. Activities Undertaken by the Buyer on own Account Advertising Market research & studies Preparation of showrooms Testing Participation in trade fairs

23. Legal Deductions Note 3 to Article 1: Charges for construction, erection, assembly, maintenance or technical assistance, undertaken after importation The cost of transport after importation Duties & taxes of the country of importation

24. Interest payments will not for part of the customs value of the imported goods, subject to decision 3.1

25. LESSON 5: Questions Are there restrictions on the disposition or use of the goods by the buyer? Is the sale or price subject to any condition or consideration? Are there proceeds from the resale of the goods which accrue to the seller? Are the buyer and seller related?

26. Article 1.1 (a) (i) Restrictions imposed or required by law or by public authorities in the country of importation Examples : Requirement to obtain a license or permit prior to any resale or use Requirement for certain types of labelling or packaging Requirement for testing or inspection before release

27. Article 1.1 (a) (ii) Restrictions which limit the geographical area in which the goods may be resold Examples : The seller imposes a territorial restriction which allows resale of the goods by an importer/distributor only in a specified area such as : a country a group of countries a region (part of a country)

28. Article 1.1 (a) (iii) Restrictions which do not substantially affect the value of the goods Consider : the nature of the restriction the nature of the goods the nature of the industry and its commercial practices whether the monetary effect is commercially significant Example : Exhibiting prior to a fixed date

29. Seller’s price is on condition that other goods will be purchased by the buyer Example: Exporter F Country E Sells leather goods @ 50 c.u. per unit Buyer X Country I F makes condition of sale that X also purchases a shipment of shoes at a unit price of 30 c.u. By buying the shoes at 30 c.u., the buyer saves 10 c.u. on the purchase of the leather goods. The leather goods can therefore still be valued under the transaction value method at 60 c.u. (50 c.u. + 10 c.u.)

30. Related Parties Common officers or directors Business partners Employer and employee 5 % or more of voting stock of both parties is held by one person One directly or indirectly controls the other Both directly or indirectly controlled by a third person Both directly or indirectly control a third person Members of the same family

31. Session VI Test value, alternate methods and fallback method + Excercise Demos: Ulrika Lyckman-Alnered WCO: Leonardo Macedo

32. LESSON 14: Article 1.2 (b) Test Value “The price closely approximates to”: The transaction value in sales to unrelated buyers of identical or similar goods for export to the same country of importation; The customs value of identical or similar goods as determined under the provisions of Article 5; The customs value of identical or similar goods as determined under the provisions of Article 6.

33. Definition of “Closely Approximates” Points to consider : (a) The nature of the goods, e.g., Perishables High technology goods Novelty items (b) The nature of the industry, e.g., High technology Video games Toys Chemicals (c) The season in which imported, e.g., Fruits and vegetables Apparel Seasonal activity equipment such as skiing (d) Are differences in the value commercially significant ?

34. At or About the Same Time Points to consider : (a) The time of export (b) The time of sale in the country of import (c) The time of import

35. Commercial Levels There are three commercial levels of sale : (a) Wholesale (b) Retail (c) Final customer/end user

36. LESSON 16: Alternate Methods To be used if there is no transaction value OR if the transaction value is rejected Transaction value of identical goods (Article 2) Transaction value of similar goods (Article 3) Deductive value method (Article 5) Computed value method (Article 6) Fall back value method (Article 7)

37. Identical Goods Are produced in the same country as the goods being valued Are the same in all respects Have the same physical characteristics Are of the same quality Have the same reputation

38. Similar Goods Are produced in the same country as the goods being valued Are not alike in all respects, but Have like characteristics Perform the same function Are commercially interchangeable

39. Time Factor Comparison with identical or similar goods exported AT OR ABOUT THE SAME TIME

40. Commercial Level and Quantity Wherever possible: Same commercial level and substantially the same quantity Failing that sale of identical or similar goods : same commercial level, different quantity different commercial level, same quantity different commercial level and quantity with the appropriate adjustments Where there is more than one transaction value for identical or similar goods THE LOWEST VALUE WILL APPLY

41. LESSON 17: Article 4 Prior to consideration of Article 5, Article 4 may be used, however article 4 is not a method of valuation.

42. Developed Countries Developing Countries Who Have Not Made a Reservation Developing Countries Who With a Reservation Importer’s Choice Custom’s Choice

43. Selecting the Unit Price Looking for Sales: Of the imported goods or identical or similar imported goods occurring “at our about the time of importation” in the condition as imported in the greatest aggregate quantity.

44. Article 5: Deductions Either commissions or profit & general expenses costs of post importation transport & insurance costs and charges of Article 8.2 as appropriate customs duties & taxes payable in the country of importation.

45. Deductive Value Method: Key Elements Selecting the appropriate price The time of sale & condition in which the goods being valued, or identical or similar goods, are sold. The greatest aggregate quantity.

46. Condition as Imported

47. Condition NOT as Imported

48. Article 5.1 (a) & (b) Timeline At or about the same time Date of Importation Maximum 90 Days After Importation

49. Greatest Aggregate Quantity The price at which the greatest number of units is sold to unrelated buyers at the first commercial level after importation at which such sales take place

50. Example Sales QuantityUnit Price 5 units.65 c.u. 20 units.95 c.u. 40 units1.00 c.u. 10 units1.10 c.u. 30 units.65 c.u. 18 units.95 c.u.

51. Goods of the Same Class or Kind Goods which fall within a group or range of goods produced by a particular industry or industry sector, & includes identical or similar goods.” (Article 15.3)

52. Article 5.2 “... if the importer so requests, the customs value shall be based on the unit price at which the imported goods, after further processing, are sold … due allowance being made for the value added by such processing... ”

53. Third Condition Sold in country of import after further processing

54. LESSON 18: Computed Value Materials Include: Raw materials, components or parts, subassemblies Costs of transporting the raw materials etc. from their source to the place of manufacture Do not include: Any recoverable amounts for either scrap or waste Internal taxes as appropriate

55. Fabrication/processing include All costs for labour Assembly costs relevant to the production process Machinery costs relevant to the production process Indirect costs such as plant supervision, plant maintenance, overtime, etc.

56. Example of Computed Value Method US Parent Company Importer No Sale Examples of identical / similar goods Articles 2 and 3 cannot be used Article 6 is applied using Article 4 provisions Value includes: All costs of components used in manufacture Profit and general expenses Freight charges Measuring/Controlling Devices No

57. LESSON 19: Fallback Method Reasonable means Consistent with the principles of the Agreement Consistent with the principles of Article VII of the GATT On the basis of data available in the country of importation

58. Reasonable Means As far as possible, previously determined Customs values Flexible application of Articles 1 to 6, respecting the sequential order of those methods

59. Principles of the Agreement Absolute priority to the transaction value Uniformity, fairness and neutrality Simple and equitable criteria Consistent with commercial practices

60. Principles of Article VII of the GATT (1) Actual value of the imported goods or, failing that, like goods Sales price in the ordinary course of trade under fully competitive conditions

61. Principles of Article VII of the GATT (2) No reference to the value of goods of national origin No reference to arbitrary or fictitious values Not include any internal tax applicable in the country of origin

62. Article 7 The following prices/values cannot be used when applying Article 7 The selling price in the country of importation of goods produced in that country The higher of two alternative values The price of goods on the domestic market of the country of exportation The cost of production other than a computed value of Article 6 The price of goods sold for export to a country other than the country of importation Minimum values (except for the situation provided for in Annex III) Arbitrary or fictitious values

63. Session VI Test value, alternate methods and fallback method + Exercise (15.1-15.4) Demos: Ulrika Lyckman-Alnered WCO: Leonardo Macedo

64. Article 8 – Costs to be added to the price actually paid or payable for the imported goods -Commissions and brokerage (except buying commissions), Containers, cost of packing -Costs (provided free of charge by the buyer for use in the production and not inclued in the price): -Materials, components, parts -Tools, dies, moulds -Engineering, development, artwork, design work, and plans and sketches -Royalties and license feeds (as a condition of sale of the goods) -Value of proceeds of any subsequent resale -Cost of transport, loading, unloading, and handling charges and cost of insurance BASED ON OBJECTIVE AND QUANTIFIABLE DATA NO OTHER ADDITIONS SHALL BE MADE, EXCEPT AS PROVIDED IN ART. 8

65. Session III Exercise on customs valuation and its basic components Demos: Ulrika Lyckman-Alnered WCO: Luximan Babajee

66. Session IV WTO and the Dispute Settlement Body within WTO WTO: Roy Santana; Counsellor at the Market Access Division

67. Session V Compulsory adjustments, optional adjustments, assists & royalties, successive sale and freight terms. Van Bael & Bellis: Pablo Muñiz

68. Session VI Group exercise, summary and closing remarks Demos: Ulrika Lyckman-Alnered WCO: Luximan Babajee