1. Pest Management Chapter 8 Textbook pages 163-200

2. Essential Questions What are plant pests and how do they cause losses in horticulture? What are the five major categories of pests? What are the major classifications of pesticides? What are the main environmental concerns involved with pesticide use?

3. What are plant pests and how do they cause losses in horticulture? A plant pest is anything that causes injury or loss to a plant and usually results in a decrease in production. Plant pests: Damage plant parts - Photosynthesis cannot be carried out efficiently Compete for space and nutrients Reduce the quality of harvested crops – contamination, infestation of insects prices paid to the grower are lowered Increase production cost – Reduced yields increase the cost

4. What are the five major categories of pests? INSECTS NEMATODES WEEDS DISEASE RODENTS

5. What are the five major categories of pests? INSECTS Some insects are beneficial, some harmful, and others a nuisance. Several ways insects can be beneficial: Earthworms aerate the soil Bees pollinate flowers Other insects attack and kill insect pests Preying Mantis, Lady Beetle, Green Lacewing

6. What are the five major categories of pests? NEMATODES Microscopic, worm-like invertebrates that invade roots of plants and reduce the plant’s vigor Thousands of nematodes can live in just 1 square centimeter of soil!!!

7. What are the five major categories of pests? WEEDS Any plant growing out of place is a weed. Weeds: Compete with the crop for light, nutrients, and water Harbor insect and disease which can be spread to the crops

8. What are the five major categories of pests? DISEASE Plant diseases are abnormal conditions in plants that interfere with their normal appearance, growth, structure, or function. Abiotic diseases – noninfectious Biotic diseases – caused by parasites or pathogens that are infectious and transmissible Organisms that cause diseases:

9. What are the five major categories of pests? RODENTS Animal pests eat the leaves, stems, fruit, and roots of plants. Some dig tunnels in the soil which damage land and plants.

10. What are the major classifications of pesticides? A pesticide is a chemical used to control pests. Each type of pesticide is classified according to the type of pest it controls. PESTICIDEPEST InsecticideInsects FungicideFungi AvicideBirds RodenticideRodents NematicideNematodes BactericideBacteria HerbicideWeeds

11. What are the main environmental concerns involved with pesticide use ? There are a number of situations when pesticides may become an environmental problem: 1. Pesticides that are present in non-target areas. 2. Pesticides that are not biodegradable (able to be decomposed) 3. Careless disposal of leftover chemicals or empty containers.

12. What are the main environmental concerns involved with pesticide use ? Pesticides that are present in non-target areas: A non-target area is an area in which the pesticide was not intended. These areas can be affected by: - Drift – the movement of a pesticide through the air - Surface runoff – water from precipitation that does not soak into the soil - Leaching – movement of pesticide that is dissolved in water and moves through or out of the soil ( contaminates groundwater supplies)

13. What are the main environmental concerns involved with pesticide use ? Pesticides that are not biodegradable: If pesticides do not decompose, they can accumulate ( collect ) in groundwater, plants, or animals. Pesticides that have these characteristics should be avoided!!!

14. What are the main environmental concerns involved with pesticide use ? Careless disposal of leftover chemicals or empty containers: This situation is one of the most destructive and easiest to solve.