1. THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA

2. I. BEFORE THE AGE OF IMPERIALISM A.EUROPEANS WERE FAMILIAR WITH SOUTHERN AFRICA & THE WESTERN COAST. B.EUROPEAN TRAVEL INTO AFRICA’S INTERIOR WAS VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE

3. C. OVERTIME ADVANCEMENTS DUE TO INDUSTRY WOULD MAKE IT POSSIBLE TO VENTURE INTO AFRICA’S INTERIOR. D. THE TALE OF LIVINGSTONE & STANLEY SPARKS INTEREST IN AFRICA’S INTERIOR.

4. II. THE BERLIN CONFERENCE A. WHY, & WHEN? IN ORDER TO AVOID WAR, THE MAJOR EUROPEAN NATIONS MET IN 1884-85, AND AGREED TO DIVIDE AFRICA UP AMONG THEMSELVES.

5. B. MAIN MOTIVE- THEY WANTED TO GET THEIR HANDS ON AFRICA’S RAW MATERIALS FOR THEIR INDUSTRIES. C. WHO WASN’T INVITED? THE AFRICANS

6. D. BY 1914- ALL OF AFRICA, EXCEPT FOR LIBERIA & ETHIOPIA HAD BEEN TAKEN OVER

8. III. AFRICAN REACTION A.IN MANY CASES THE AFRICANS FOUGHT BACK IN AN ATTEMPT TO STOP THE TAKE-OVER. B. FAMOUS EXAMPLE- THE ZULUS FOUGHT THE BRITISH IN SOUTHERN AFRICA.

9. C. USUAL OUTCOME- THE EUROPEANS WOULD DEFEAT THE AFRICANS BECAUSE OF THE NEW MACHINE GUNS THEY HAD.

11. IV. RULING THE COLONIES A. DIRECT RULE- EUROPEAN OFFICALS TOLD THE AFRICANS WHAT THEY COULD OR COULDN’T DO.

12. B. INDIRECT RULE- THE EUROPEANS ALLOWED LOCAL KINGS TO RULE, THEY JUST TOLD THE LOCAL KINGS WHAT THEY COULD OR COULDN’T DO.

13. C. HOW DID THE FRENCH DIFFER FROM THE BRITISH? THE FRENCH TRIED TO TURN THEIR AFRICANS “FRENCH” THROUGH ASSIMILATION, WHILE THE BRITISH FELT THE AFRICANS COULD NEVER BE “BRITISH” SO THEY DIDN’T TRY.

14. V. IMPACT OF EUROPEAN RULE A.AFRICANS WERE FORCED TO DO LABOR, BY TAXES & VIOLENCE. B. AFRICANS WERE FORCED TO GROW CASH CROPS INSTEAD OF FOOD CROPS. C. THE EUROPEANS OFTEN PITTED AFRICANS vs OTHER AFRICANS

16. VI. LEGACY OF COLONIAL RULE A. POSITIVE EFFECTS- IN SOME PLACES, SCHOOLS & HOSPITALS WERE BUILT. THE EUROPEANS ALSO BUILT DAMS, RAILROADS, & TELEGRAPH LINES.

17. B. NEGATIVE EFFECTS- -MILLIONS OF AFRICANS DIED. -RELIANCE ON CASH CROPS ONLY LED TO FAMINE IN SOME AREAS. -NO MODERNIZATION WAS ALLOWED IN MOST AREAS. -AFRICA WAS ROBBED OF MUCH OF ITS RESOURCES.

18. -THE ARTIFICIAL BORDERS THE EUROPEANS CREATED LED TO CIVIL WARS WHEN THEY LEFT. -THE EUROPEANS DID NOT HELP THE AFRICANS SET UP STABLE GOVERNMENTS WHEN THEY LEFT.