1. The Scramble for Africa

2. Imperialism
Imperialism- the seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country

3. Africa Before European Domination
Powerful African armies were able to keep Europeans out for 400 years
European travel to the African interior was impossible
African rivers hard to navigate
Disease made it difficult
Steam-powered riverboats allowed interior exploration

4. Nations Compete for Overseas Empires
People who went on expeditions were explorers, missionaries, or humanitarians
Commonality= Opposed European & American slave trade

5. David Livingstone
Missionary from Scotland in Central Africa to promote Christianity
Missing for several years
Henry Stanley sent to find him
“Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”

6. Forces Driving Imperialism

7. Nationalism
Europeans viewed an empire as a measure of national greatness
Racism- Europeans believed that they were better than other peoples

8. Social Darwinism “Survival of the fittest”
Those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were considered superior to others
Wanted to “Westernize” and civilize the peoples of the foreign land

9. Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa
Technology
Machine gun
Steam engine (railroads, steamboats, etc)
Medicine
Prevented diseases for Europeans
Diversity among Africans
Differences in languages and cultures discouraged unity

10. Division of Africa
European countries were competing for African territories rich with diamonds and gold
Berlin Conference- meeting of 14 European nations to lay down rules for the division of Africa
European nations divided the continent with little thought about how African ethnic and linguistic groups were distributed
No African ruler was invited to attend the meeting

11. Raw Materials
Europeans needed Africa’s rich mineral resources to produce goods
Copper, tin
Developed cash-crop plantations
Displaced food crops grown by African farmers, so many of the natives were starving

12. South Africa Zulus v. British over this territory
British used their superior guns and other advanced weapons to defeat the Zulus

13. Boer War British v. the Dutch (Boers) over territory
First modern “total” war
British defeated the Boers and controlled the Union of South Africa

14. New Period of Imperialism

15. Influence of European Nations
Europeans wanted an influence over the economic, political, and social lives of the people
They were determined to shape the economies of the lands to benefit European economies
Also wanted the people to adopt European customs

16. Forms of Control
To establish control of an area, Europeans used four different methods: colony, protectorate, sphere of influence, and economic imperialism

17. Methods of Management Indirect and direct control Indirect
British asked a local ruler to accept British authority to rule
Local officials handled daily management and soon the local population would govern itself

18. Methods of Management, cont.
Direct
Europeans did not believe that Africans could rule themselves
Paternalism- policy used by Europeans in which they governed people in a paternal way by providing for their needs but not giving them any rights
Assimilation- policy where the native country would adopt the culture and customs of the European country

19. British Imperialism in India

20. British East India Company
Controlled large portions of India
Sepoys- Indian soldiers in the British army
Great Britain considered India its “Jewel in the Crown” because it was the most valuable of all British colonies

21. Indian Raw Materials Tea, indigo, coffee, cotton, jute, and opium
Traded opium to China and exchanged it for tea, which they then sold to England

22. Impact of Colonialism
Negative- British held all of the political and economic power, with little concern for Indian natives
Positive- India was able to modernize because of new technologies brought by the British

23. Sepoy Mutiny
Many Indians believed that the British were trying to convert them to Christianity
British also expressed constant racism towards Indians

24. Sepoy Mutiny, cont.
Rumors spread that the sepoys’ rifle cartridges were greased with beef and pork fat (Hindus and Muslims were outraged)
Majority of sepoys refused to accept the cartridges and they were jailed by the British
Soldiers rebelled and captured the city of Delhi
Rebellion spread and it took over a year for the British East India Company to take back control

25. Turning Point
British government took direct control of India in 1858= Raj
British did not believe that Indians could rule themselves