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Direct Marketing and Marketing Resellers: Retailers and Wholesalers
Chapter 14 Direct Marketing and Marketing Resellers: Retailers and Wholesalers
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Chapter Objectives Explain the wheel of retailing.
Explain how retailers select target markets. Show how the elements of the marketing mix apply to retailing strategy. Explain the concepts of retail convergence and scrambled merchandising. Identify the functions performed by wholesaling intermediaries. Outline the major types of independent wholesaling intermediaries and the situations appropriate for each. Compare the basic types of direct marketing and non-store retailing. Explain how much the Internet has altered the wholesaling, retailing, and direct marketing environments.
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Retailing Evolution of Retailing
Traced to trading posts such as the Hudson Bay Company and peddlers First Retail Institution in the U.S. was the General Store Supermarkets appeared in the early 1930s Discount stores arrived in the 1950s Convenience food stores emerged in the 1960s The 1980s saw the first off-price retailers
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Wheel of Retailing Hypothesis that each new type of retailer gains a competitive foothold by offering lower prices than current retailers, while maintaining profits through reduction of services Once established, more services are introduced and prices rise It then becomes vulnerable to new, lower price competitors
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Wheel of Retailing Low-end strategy Low prices
High-end strategy High prices Excellent facilities and services Upscale consumers Low-end strategy Low prices Limited facilities and services Price-sensitive consumers Medium strategy Moderate prices Improved facilities Broader base of value- and service-conscious consumers
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Retailing Strategy A retailer develops a marketing strategy based on the firm’s goals and strategic plans Two fundamental steps: Selecting a target market Developing a retailing mix to satisfy the chosen target market Retail image: Consumers’ perceptions of a store and the shopping experience it provides
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Selecting a Target Market
Retailers analyze demographic, geographic, and psychographic profiles to segment and select potential markets
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Merchandising Strategy
Planograms: Diagrams of how to exhibit selections of merchandise within a store Category management: Retailing strategy which views each product category as an individual profit center, and the retailer manages the performance and growth of the entire category
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Exclusively designed products are part of Target’s merchandising strategy
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The Battle for Shelf Space
Stockkeeping unit (SKU): specific product offering within a product line that is used to identify items within the line Slotting allowances: fees paid by manufacturers to secure shelf space from retailers for their products
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Customer Service Strategy
Retailers must decide on the variety of services they make available for shoppers Examples include gift wrapping, bridal registry, return privileges, electronic shopping, and delivery and installation Objectives are to enhance shopper comfort and attract and retain customers
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Pricing Strategy Markup: The amount a retailer adds to a product’s cost to determine its selling price Determined by the services the retailer performs and the inventory turnover rate Markdown: The amount by which a retailer reduces a product’s original selling price
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Marshall’s Promoting its low price strategy
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Location/Distribution Strategy
Planned shopping center: A group of retail stores planned, coordinated, and marketed as a single unit Four types of planned shopping centers: Neighborhood – “strip mall” Community – Washington Square Regional – Mall of America Power – stand-alone stores, single trading area Lifestyle – Bridgeport Company Outlets - Woodburn
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Mall of America Combining shopping with entertainment Mall of America is one of the most visited destinations in the United States, attracting more visitors annually than Disney World, Graceland and the Grand Canyon combined.
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Promotional Strategy Retailers use a variety of promotional techniques to establish store images and communicate information about their stores Selling up: retailing selling technique in which salespeople try to persuade customers to buy higher-priced items than originally intended Suggestive selling: involves salespeople attempting to broaden a customer’s original purchase by adding related items, promotional products, and/or holiday or seasonal merchandise
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Store Atmospherics Physical characteristics and amenities that attract customers and satisfy their shopping needs Disney Stores borrow from their theme parks to create a familiar shopping environment.
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Types of Retailers Retailers can be categorized by: Form of ownership
Shopping effort expended by customer Services provided to customers Product lines Location of retail transactions
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Classification of Retailers by Form of Ownership
Chain stores Independent Retailers Cooperatives Ace helps independent retailers compete with chains
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Classification by Shopping Effort: Classification system based on the reasons why consumers shop at particular retail outlets Retail stores can be classified as: Convenience retailers [7/11] Shopping stores [REI] Specialty retailers [Nordstrom]
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Pier 1 Imports A shopping store
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The North Face A specialty retailer featuring outdoor clothing and equipment Their products are also sold at other specialty stores
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Classifying by Services Provided
Self-service Store (e.g., Kmart) Self-selection Store (e.g., Winn-Dixie or Kroger grocery stores) Full-service Retailers (e.g., Dillard’s or Macy’s)
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Classifying by Product Lines: This classification system groups stores by the product lines they carry. Specialty store: A retailer that typically handles only part of a single product line Specialty retailers carry their particular products in considerable variety
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Lady Foot Locker -- A specialty store
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Limited-line store: A retailer that offers a large assortment within a single product line, or within a few related product lines IKEA home furnishings and Levitz furniture Category killers: retailers that combine huge selection and low prices within a single product line Home Depot and Office Depot
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Lowe’s A category killer which competes with the likes of Home Depot
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General merchandise retailers carry a wide variety of product lines, and stock them all in some depth Variety store: retailer that offers an extensive range and assortment of low-priced merchandise Department store: large store that offers a variety of merchandise, such as men’s and women’s clothing, appliances, linens, and furniture
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Sears The classic department store offering clothing, appliances, hardware, etc.
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Mass merchandiser: store that stocks a wider line of goods than a department store, usually without the same depth of assortment within each line Discount house Off-price retailers Outlet malls Hypermarket Supercenters Showroom and Warehouse Retailers
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Kmart Discount mass merchandiser selling prestigious brand names
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T.J. Maxx An off-price retailer
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Classification of Retail Transactions by Location
Non-store retailing – Amazon.com, 800# sales Retail Convergence: The coming together of shoppers, goods, and prices, resulting in the blurring of distinctions between types of retailer and the merchandise mix they offer. [Similar merchandise available from multiple types of retail outlets.] Scrambled Merchandising: concept in which a retailer combines dissimilar product lines in an attempt to boost sales volume. [Walgreens sells groceries, develops photos, sells Hallmark cards and gift items]
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Wholesaling Intermediaries
Includes not only wholesalers who assume title to the goods they handle, but also agents and brokers, who conduct wholesaling activities without taking title of the goods. Functions of Wholesaling Intermediaries Creating Utility Time utility Place utility Ownership/possession utility
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Providing Services Wholesalers commonly provide marketing services that reflect the basic marketing functions of buying, selling, storing, transporting, providing market information, financing, and risk taking Plumbing wholesaler providing selling service
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Lowering Costs by Limiting Contacts
Intermediaries that represent multiple suppliers cut buying and selling costs and reduce transaction time Firms can increase transaction efficiency by only having to contact one or two intermediaries, rather than hundreds of individual suppliers
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Types of Wholesaling Intermediaries
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Manufacturer-Owned Facilities
Sales branch – carries inventory and takes customer orders Sales office – no inventory, manages sales reps Trade fair – “Trade Show”, in food industry, FMI, NRA Merchandise mart- large grouping of permanent showrooms, mainly wholesaling, Chicago Merchandise Mart
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Independent Wholesaling Intermediaries
Merchant wholesaler: An independently owned intermediary that takes title to the goods it sells Rack Jobbers – specialized lines of merchandise [M&M Mars] Cash-and-Carry Wholesalers [“Cash & Carry in Portland] Truck Wholesalers [Frito Lay] Drop Shippers – take title, don’t handle [coal and lumber] Mail Order Wholesalers [McMaster Carr]
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Table 14.2 – P.466 Comparison of the Types of Merchant Wholesalers and Their Services
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Agents and Brokers: A second group of independent intermediaries who may or may not take possession of the goods, but never take title. They include: Commission merchants [producers’ agents – agriculture] Auction houses [used cars] Brokers [don’t control pricing or promotional funding, operate in specific territories - food industry] Selling agents [controls total marketing programs, textile industry] Manufacturer’s agents [independent reps, sell non-competing products, may have marketing responsibilities, paid commission]
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Table 14.3 Services Provided by Agents and Brokers
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Retailer-Owned Cooperatives and Buying Offices
Retailers sometimes assume numerous wholesaling functions to reduce costs or provide special services Independent retailers sometimes band together to form buying groups to save through quantity purchases Large chains often establish centralized buying offices to negotiate large-scale purchases directly with manufacturers
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Direct Marketing and Other Nonstore Retailing
Direct Mail is a major component of direct marketing It comes in many forms, ranging from sales letters to video cassettes Direct Selling completely bypasses retailers and wholesalers Manufacturers set up their own channels to sell their products directly to consumers
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Direct-Response Retailer Customers can order merchandise by mail or telephone, by visiting a mail-order desk in a retail store, by computer or by fax The Retailer then ships the merchandise to the customer’s home or to a local store for pickup Telemarketing refers to direct marketing conducted entirely by telephone It is the most frequently used form of direct marketing
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Internet Retailing Many retailers operate from virtual storefronts on the World Wide Web, usually maintaining little or no inventory, ordering directly from vendors to fill customer orders received via Automatic Merchandising Retailing through vending machines About $25 billion worth of convenience goods are sold to Americans through 4.7 million vending machines
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End of Chapter Fourteen
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