1. Peptoids that Mimic the Structure, Function, and Mechanism of Helical Antimicrobial Peptides PNAS. 2008. Vol. 105(8). 2794-2799

2. Antimicrobial Peptides Are natural peptides that defend the host organism against bacterial infection. They typical contain both positively charged and hydrophobic residues. Interact with the cellular membrane of the respective pathogens in a selective manner.

3. Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobial Peptides Carpeting Integration Phase Transition Nature 415: 389-395

4. Proteolysis of CAMPs Cationic antimicrobial peptides are very susceptible to proteolytic degradation by bacterial and host proteases. Nature Reviews Microbiology 4, 529-536 (July 2006)

5. Peptoids Amino Acid Peptoid Monomer Peptoids are resistant to proteolysis. Can form stable helical structures. Are biocompatible. Easy to synthesize. JACS. 125(44), 13525. 2003

6. Peptoid Secondary Structure Magainin-2 Peptoid 1

7. Peptoid Library

8. Selectivity Ratio:

9. Antibacterial Activity The antimicrobial activity of Peptoid 1 on biosafety-level 2 bacterial strains was assessed. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Peptoid 1 against each respective strain was compared to Pexiganan. Peptoid 1  H-(NLys-Nspe-Nspe)-NH 2

10. Cytotoxicity Analysis for Selected Peptoids Against A549 Cells PeptoidE.Coli MIC, μM B. Subtilis MIC, μM 13.50.88 1-Pro 6 3.11.6 1-NHis 6,12 3.56.9 1 15mer 5.51.4 Pexiganan3.11.6 Melittin1.60.78 The ID 10 and ID 50 are the minimum inhibitory dose of the peptoid on A549 carcinoma lung epithelial cells.

11. Structural-Activity Analysis: Chirality 1 = H-(NLys-Nspe-Nspe) 4 -NH 2 1 enantiomer = H-(NLys-Nrpe-Nrpe) 4 -NH 2 PeptoidE.Coli MIC, μM B. Subtilis MIC, μM SR 13.50.886.0 1 enantimomer 3.50.884.6 Conclusion: the formation of the left handed helix does affect the mechanism of interaction of the peptoid with that bacterial target.

12. Structural-Activity Analysis: Length H-(NLys-Nspe-Nspe) X -NH 2 X = 2, 3, 4, 5 NOTE: The charge-to- length ratio remains the same, 1:3. PeptoidE.Coli MIC, μM B. Subtilis MIC, μM SR 13.50.886.0 1 6mer 27 >8.1 1 9mer 9.11.2>16 1 15mer 5.51.40.55 Conclusion: Although they all form helical structures, their respective antimicrobial activity varies such that there is an optimum length of peptoid. Although this is true, the two shorter peptoids illustrated a selectivity ratio higher than peptoid 1.

13. Structural-Activity Analysis: Hydrophobicity 2 = H-(NLys-Nssb-Nspe) 4 -NH 2 2-Nsmb = H-(NLys-Nsmb-Nspe) 4 -NH 2 2-Nsna = H-(NLys-Nssb-Nspe-NLys-Nspe-Nsna) 2 -NH 2 PeptoidStd. B*, %SR 239>3.9 2-Nsmb r 48>16 2-Nsna477.6 *Percent Acetonitrile in H 2 0, 0.1% v/v TFA

14. Structural-Activity Analysis: Hydrophobicity 1 = H-(NLys-Nspe-Nspe) 4 -NH 2 1-Nsna = H-(NLys-Nspe-Nspe-NLys-Nspe-Nsna) 2 -NH 2 1-NHis = H-(NLys-Nspe-Nspe-NLys-Nspe-NHis) 2 -NH 2 1-Pro = H-NLys-Nssb-Nspe-NLys-Nspe- L Pro-(NLys-Nspe-Nspe) 2 -NH 2 Peptoid% Std. BE.Coli MIC, μM B. Subtilis MIC, μM SR 1483.50.886.0 1-Nsna533.31.61.2 1-NHis373.56.9>31 1-Pro403.11.620 Conclusion: the moderately hydrophobic peptide demonstrate greater selectivity than peptoids of increased hydrophobicity, due to the similar antimicrobial activity and diminished hemolytic activity.

15. Structural-Activity Analysis: Charge 1-NGlu 1,4,7,10 = H-(NGlu-Nspe-Nspe) 4 -NH 2 1-NGlu 4,10 = H-(NLys-Nspe-Nspe-NGlu-Nspe-Nspe) 2 -NH 2 PeptoidE.Coli MIC, μM B. Subtilis MIC, μM SR 13.50.886.0 1-NGlu 4,10 >1106.90.17 1-NGlu 1,4,7,10 >219 N/A Conclusion: due to the reduced charge or negative charge on the peptoids the inherent antimicrobial activity was diminished or nonexistent, while there was either minimal or no selectivity for bacteria over mammalian cells.

16. Structural-Activity Analysis: Amphipathicity PeptoidE.Coli MIC, μM B. Subtilis MIC, μM SR 13.50.886.0 1 block 6.91.72.6 2313.9>3.9 2 scramble 3115>3.9 1 block = H-(NLys) 4 -(Nspe) 8 -NH 2 2 scramble = H-NLys-Nssb-Nspe-Nssb-Nspe-NLys-Nspe-NLys-Nssb- Nssb-Nspe-NLys-NH 2 Conclusion: the antimicrobial activity of the 1 block peptoid was diminished and illustrated more hemolytic activity (does it form an α-helix?), demonstrating that terminal organization is less selective than facial. The 2 scramble peptide was used to illustrate global amphipathicity, and it had similar antimicrobial activity with respect to 2 and no hemolysis was demonstrated; suggesting low global amphipathicity.

17. Assessment of helical Structure in Artificial Lipid SUVs POPC CD Spectra analysis was used to assess the respective helical structure of peptoids in the presence of both anionic bacterial like and zwitterionic erythrocyte like membranes. Nature 444, 775-779(7 December 2006)

18. Surface Analysis X-ray reflectivity is an analytical technique utilized to assess the surface of a material. It can assess the electron density, film thickness and surface roughness. http://www.hlphys.uni-linz.ac.at/hl/lva/xray_lecture_WS200708/ReflectivityTutorial_schreiber.pdf

19. Orientation of Peptoid in DPPG Lipid Monolayer The X-ray reflectivity studies illustrated that the peptoids orients itself within the monolayer at a 56 o angle.

20. Conclusions 1. Antimicrobial peptoids (amptoids) can function like antimicrobial peptides. 2. They are selective for bacteria if they posses a cationic charge and are moderately hydrophobic. 3. A defined helical structure is not required for antimicrobial activity, rather hemolytic activity. 4. The peptoids interact with the membrane by inserting itself into the lipid layer – as the xray data suggests. However, the mechanism of action cannot be deduced at this time, but is similar to that of anitmicrobial peptides.

21. Supporting Material Hemolysis curves of respective peptoids. Note that peptoids 1 6mer, 1-NGlu 1,4,7,10, 1-NHis 6,12, and 2 scrambled did not illustrate hemolytic activity at the concentrations examined.

22. Supporting Material CD Spectra of peptoid 1 and its length variants.

23. Supporting Material