2. Central Dogma of Biology
DNAmRNAprotein
DNA TRANSCRIBES to mRNA
What does transcribe mean???
To COPY
Process is called transcription
Copy the message from DNA
mRNA TRANSLATES to proteins
To go from the language of “nucleic acids” to the language of “proteins” we need to TRANSLATE the message
Process is called translation
mRNA actually makes amino acids, which come together to make proteins

3. Polypeptide chain (1* structure aka sequence of amino acids)
DNA
mRNA
Polypeptide chain (1* structure aka sequence of amino acids)
2* Structure (aplha helix and beta pleated sheet)
3* Tertiary Structure (protein gains 3D shape…now it has a function)
4* Structure (if needed…2 or more polypeptide chains come together to make a mega protein)

4. Central Dogma Of Biology
Monomer: Nucleotide
Structure of a Nucleotide
Made of a phosphate group, a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and nitrogenous base
Polymer: Chain of nucleotides (nucleic acids)
Contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and nitrogen
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
FUNCTION: Store and transmit hereditary, or genetic information…makes PROTEINS that do everything!
Nucleic Acids
Central Dogma Of Biology
DNA RNAProtein

6. Polynucleotide (Nucleic acid)
(monomer)
Polynucleotide (Nucleic acid)
RNA &DNA
(Polymer)

9. DNA vs. RNA: What’s The Difference???
genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms
Instructions to make RNA and proteins
long-term storage of information
NITROGENOUS BASES:
Pyrimidines: cytosine and thymine
Purines: guanine and adenine
A binds to T and G binds to C in the polymer DNA
RNA
messenger between DNA and the protein synthesis complexes known as ribosomes
essential carrier molecule for amino acids to be used in protein synthesis
Three types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
NITROGENOUS BASES:
Pyrimidines: cytosine and uracil
Purines: guanine and adenine
A binds to U and G binds to C in the polymer RNA

12. mRNA to Polypeptide Chain
Every 3 bases on mRNA= a CODON
CODON
Three sequential nitrogenous bases on mRNA that code for a specific Amino acid that a tRNA (transfer RNA) molecule will bring over to the ribosome
Ribosome slowly starts forming PEPTIDE bonds between the amino acids that each tRNA shuttles over until we finally have a long POLYPEPTIDE chain that is twisted and folded and eventually gets a 3-D shape.

14. Protein Synthesis is like a Pagent
tRNA is kinda like an amino acid “Limo service”
he brings over the SPECIFIC Amino Acids mRNA requests
mRNA is patiently waiting at the Ribosome
mRNA puts this AA in the right order for their final presentation as a POLYPEPTIDE Chain
Who told mRNA what order to put the AA in?
The director DNA!!!

18. Building Macromolecules
Create the following macromolecules and/or linkages with the supplies provided
Glucose
Triglyceride
Phospholipid
Amino Acid
The following must be done with a partner:
Ester linkage
Glycosidic linkage
Peptide bond
In your lab note book:
Copy the key showing what each material symbolizes
Name the molecule
Sketch your model and explain its function in your lab notebooks

19. ******Do NOT use whole toothpicks for bonds, break them in half!!!!
Macromolecule Legend
Green= CARBON atom
Yellow= OXYGEN atom
White= HYDROGEN atom
Pink= NITROGEN atom
Orange= SULFUR atom
One tooth pick= SINGLE COVALENT BOND
Two toothpicks= DOUBLE COVALENT BOND
******Do NOT use whole toothpicks for bonds, break them in half!!!!