1. A ‘Chinese Box’ representation of grammatical structure: clauses and groups
A small gnome in the garden wiped his hands.
A small gnome in the garden
wiped
his hands
in the garden
the garden

2. Tree diagram: constituency structure
A small gnome in the garden wiped his hands.
A small gnome in the garden
wiped
his hands
in the garden
his
hands
wiped A
small
gnome
the garden
-ed
wipe he
hand -s in

3. ‘Tree diagram’ representation of grammatical structure
A small gnome in the garden wiped his hands.
clause
group
group
A small gnome in the garden
wiped
his hands
group
group
in the garden
wiped A
small
gnome
his
hands
word
word
word
word
word in
the garden
wipe
-ed he
hand -s
word
group
morphemes

4. The Rank Scale
Clauses
Groups & Phrases
Words
Morphemes

5. Names of parts: Rank Units
A small gnome in the garden wiped his hands.
clause
group
group
A small gnome in the garden
wiped
his hands
group
group
in the garden
wiped A
small
gnome
his
hands
word
word
word
word
word in
the garden
wipe
-ed he
hand -s
word
morphemes
group

6. ‘Tree diagram’ representation of grammatical structure: down to groups
A small gnome in the garden wiped his hands.
A small gnome in the garden
wiped
his hands
in the garden
the garden
clause in
nominal
group
prepositional phrase
verbal
nominal group
preposition

7. Rank Units: down to groups
A small gnome in the garden wiped his hands.
A small gnome in the garden
wiped
his hands
in the garden
the garden
clause in
nominal
group
prepositional phrase
verbal
nominal group
preposition

8. The Rank Scale clauses groups and phrases words are made up of
nominal groups
verbal groups
adjectival groups
adverbial groups
prepositional phrases
words
morphemes
are made up of

9. A map of linguistic structure
Thomas T. Tatimus has been tying his tubs tentatively to two tall trees
Ranked Constituents
(minimal bracketting)

10. Functional structure: clauses
consist of
prepositional phrases
adverbial groups
Circumstances
Participants
nominal groups
Process
verbal group
function
FORM

11. A map of linguistic structure
Thomas T. Tatimus has been tying his tubs tentatively to two tall trees
Useful as a way of decomposing a sentence into parts that can be quickly related to functional elements
Ranked Constituents
(minimal bracketting)