1. Intelligent Critiquing of Design Sketches Yeonjoo Oh, Ellen Yi-Luen Do, Mark D Gross Computational Design Lab, School of Architecture, Carnegie Mellon University 2004 AAAI Fall Symposium Making Pen-Based Interaction Intelligent and Natural

2. Outline 1. Motivation 2. Related Work 3. Design Evaluator 4. Discussion 2

3. Motivation Why do designers draw? - Reflection-in-Action (Schön & Wiggins 1985) : seeing-moving-seeing cycle - Restructuring & Emergence (Verstijinen 2001) : see another interpretation or alternative - Visual Thinking and Imagery (Goldschmidt 1991) : Seeing as & Seeing that 3

4. Visual Reasoning 4 Architect Steven Holl’s Drawings

5. Design Critiques Desk Crits : Reviewers (reframe design problem) : Student (transfer/ restructure) 5

6. Related Work Critiquing System : Offer feedback on design Sketch Design : Capture freehand drawing 6

7. Related Work Design Critiquing Systems - KID (Kitchen Design) Fischer & Nakakoji et al. 1993 - Petri-NED (Petri-Net) Stolze 1994 7

8. Related Work Design Critiquing Systems - FORNAX (Architectural drawings) novaMSC 8

9. Related Work Sketch Design - SILK (GUI design) Landay & Myers 1995 - ASSIST (Mechanical device design) Davis et al 2002 9

10. Related Work 10 Sketch Design - Electronic Cocktail Napkin (Design platform) Gross & Do 1996 - COAs (Military action design) Forbus, Usher & Chapman 2004

11. Design Evaluator Components - Sketch interface - Domain knowledge [Critiques] - Presentation of advice Two example domains - Architectural floor plan (Hospital) - Web page layout 11

12. Design Evaluator Overview 12 Description Layer Evaluation Layer Visualization Layer - Records and identifies - Captures and parses - Compares sketches against predicates - Generates design critiques - Displays critiques

13. Hospital Design 13

14. Description Layer Hospital floor plan diagram 14 Zones, rooms, and doors

15. Description Layer Interconnected objects 15

16. Evaluation Layer Rules coded as Lisp predicates (SHOULD-BE-ADJACENT SURGERY EMERGENCY-ROOM) (MUST-PASS-THROUGH ENTRANCE TRIAGE ER) Architectural floor plan rules : Room Placement (Zoning) : Adjacency : Room Sequence : Minimum Area 16 Architectural Floor Plan

17. Evaluation Layer Room Placement (Zoning) (MUST-BE-IN Clinical-Zone (DAYWARD TRIAGE SURGERY …)) 17 Architectural Floor Plan Adjacency –Circulation path (SHOULD-BE-ADJACENT ER INTENSIVE-CARE-UNIT)

18. Evaluation Layer 18 Room Sequence (MUST-PASS-THROUGH ENTRANCE TRIAGE ER) Architectural Floor Plan Minimum Area (MINIMUM-AREA WARD 10000)

19. Visualization Layer Verbal Critiques (text) 19 Architectural Floor Plan

20. Visualization Layer Graphical Annotation 20 Architectural Floor Plan

21. Visualization Layer 3D Mock-up of Sketch Design 21 Architectural Floor Plan

22. Web page layout design 22

23. Description Layer Web Page Layout 23 Web Page Layout Screen, panels, images, texts

24. Evaluation Layer Web Layout Rules (Nielson 2000, Ivory 2002) (MAX-RATIO IMAGES-AREA SCREEN-AREA 50) - Number of Images - Content Hierarchy - Image-Text Ratio - Color Scheme - Text – Background 24 Web Page Layout

25. Visualization Layer Textual Critiques Graphical Annotation / Example Web Page 25 Web Page Layout

26. Discussion - Early design critiquing + freehand sketch - Stimulate thinking, explore alternatives - Integrate knowledge-based tools into design - Critiques directly on drawing & various formats - Design constraints → spatially expressed rules 26

27. Future Work Rules - more sophisticated design rules - express rules graphically Domains - geometry and elementary physics 27

28. Design Evaluator Yeonjoo Oh, Ellen Yi-Luen Do, Mark D Gross School of Architecture, Carnegie Mellon University 28