1. EXPERIENCE WITH TECHNOLOGY NEEDS ASSESSMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION WILLIAM KOJO AGYEMANG-BONSU NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE COORDINATOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, GHANA ANNEX I EXPERT GROUP SEMINAR ON WORKING TOGETHER TO RESPOND TO CLIMATE CHANGE 21-22 MARCH 2005, OECD HEADQUARTERS, PARIS, FRANCE

2. OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION  Elements of UNFCCC Technology Development and Transfer Framework  Ghana’s Technology Needs Assessment  CFL Example  Challenges  Conclusions

3. Elements of UNFCCC Technology Development and Transfer Framework 1)Technology Needs Assessment Information needs Capacity building needs – institutional, human Assessment of enabling environment – systemic capacities, including barriers and actions to overcome them Financing 2)Technology information 3)Enabling Environment 4)Capacity building 5)Mechanisms for technology transfer – institutional and financing aspects

4. Ghana’s Technology Needs Assessment

5. Goals of the TNA  Contribute to global effort towards sustainable development and in particular the protection of the climate system.  Communicate to COP under UNFCCC and the global community Ghana’s climate change technology requirements.  Identify a portfolio of technology development and transfer programmes that have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to Ghana’s sustainable development

6.  Identify, analyze and prioritize technologies that can form the basis for a portfolio of ESTs projects and programmes  Identify human, institutional and systemic capacity needs that ensure the smooth development, transfer and acquisition of ESTs  Enlist interest and commitment from key stakeholders and forge partnerships to support investment or barrier removal actions for purposes of enhancing the commercialization (or otherwise), and the diffusion of high priority technologies Immediate Objectives

7. Stakeholders  Government  Quasi-Government  Business Associations  Financial Institutions  NGOs  Research/Academia  Development Partners

8. Resources for Ghana’s Needs Assessment  Major funding from UNDP/GEF  Technical support provided by NREL with funds from CTI/USDOE

9. Overview of Ghana’s Approach to Needs Assessment  Development of background documentation  Stakeholder identification (national/international)  Organization of scoping meeting/stakeholder consultations  Establishment of Technology selection criteria  Choosing sectors/sub-sectors for assessment  Establishment of core/expert teams  Prioritizations of technologies  Holding donor consultations  In-depth analysis  Preparation of needs assessment report  Development of technology transfer implementation plan  Publication of TNA final report

10. Technology Priorities Setting Selection Criteria  Development benefits  Market Potential  Contribution Towards Mitigating Climate Change  Additional Attributes

11. Selection Criteria  Development benefits  Job creation  Wealth creation for the poor  Capacity building  Use of local resources  Contribution to GDP growth  Good effect on balance of trade  Health Improvement  Skills development

12.  Market Potential  Level of initial capital outlay  Affordability  Investment sustainability  Low maintenance – durability  Commercial availability and  Replicability Selection Criteria

13.  Contribution Towards Mitigating Climate Change  No or low GHG emissions  Low potential for “leakage”  Enhance sinks and waste recovery Selection Criteria

14.  Additional Attributes  Able to meet other social need(s) and are socially acceptable  Promote international trade in the context of north-south and south-south cooperation  Promote sub-regional cooperation with respect to optimization in use of resources for development Selection Criteria

15. Contents of the Needs Assessment Report  Executive Summary  Technology Transfer Implementation Plan – In- depth Analysis  National Environmental Context  Technology Priorities  Review of Legislative and Institutional Framework  Conclusions and Recommendations

16. Technology Implementation Plan – In-depth Analysis  Background of Technology - information  Barriers to the development and transfer  Suggested Actions to Remove Barriers  Ghana Actions  Existing programmes and policies  Additional actions  Actions expected from International Community

17.  Expected results of technology transfer Development, Economic and Social Benefits Market Penetration and sustainability GHG reduction and other environmental benefits  List of stakeholders National International (Informed by TT Clear website, CTI personal communication and website)  Capacity needs  Recommendations for the creation of enabling environment and general conclusions Technology Implementation Plan – In-depth Analysis

18. Top Priority Technologies  Energy efficient lighting using compact fluorescent lamps  Industrial energy efficiency improvements – demand side management including power factor improvement and boiler efficiency enhancement  Methane gas capture from landfills  Use of bio-fuels (jatropha)

19. CFL EXAMPLE

20. Background  Power shortages  Drought and low hydro availability  Electricity rate reform ~100% retail rate increases in 2002  Lighting end use significant One third of energy share Coincident with peak  CFL promotion as key part of response

21. Goals  Transform the Ghanaian lighting market from incandescent lamps to CFL  Reduce the risk of a power crisis  Mitigate the impact of electricity price hikes, on electricity consumers  Reduce power demand and need for added generation

22. Impacts  Easing of tight electricity supply situation Reduction in consumption of 350 MMkWh/year 170 MW reduction in peak load  Sustainable, self-financing transformation of lighting market in Ghana  Value to Ghana economy $10 million NPV (25% discount rate)  Eventual cash flow + $15 million per year

23. Timing

24. Organization  Initiative of Ghana Energy Foundation  Integrated into Ghana’s Technology Transfer Needs Assessment under the UNFCCC Ghana EPA lead organization VRA, ECG, Energy Commission, broad representation of other Ghana stakeholders Technical support from NREL on behalf of Climate Technology Initiative  Ministry of Energy formed Committee on CFL Promotion

25. Delivery Modes  Installation by task force members Initial emphasis on this mode  Retail sales by task force  Sales through employers  Sales through retail outlets

26. Cash Flow Summary (NPV at 25%) Important utility benefits are omitted, e.g. deferred investments in new generation

27. Cash Flow Profile

28. Cost Profile

29. Financing  CFL installation Self financing $250,00 line of credit sought to cover initial purchases  Public Awareness and Outreach $500,000 Grant financing sought

30. Global Assumptions

31. Customer Assumptions

32. Potential Policies

33. Bulb Pricing Assumptions

35. Sensitivity to Bulb Lifetime

36. CHALLENGES  Access to technology information  Development of bankable project portfolios  Developing implementation models and business plans – capacity, barrier removal strategies  Creation of the enabling environment for sustained technology development and transfer, including market transformation  Building of business partnerships and identification of technology transfer intermediaries

37. CHALLENGES  “Distressed” international political will to discuss the issue of technology development and transfer (compared to e.g. CDM) as reflected under UNFCCC  Lack clear direction for engaging the private sector to promote cooperation and effective partnership development  Inadequate and uncertainties in financing options – where (under UNFCCC and other donor sources), when, what and how?

38. CONCLUSIONS  Technology needs assessment is the critical niche  The weakest link of the technology development and transfer chain is the mechanism for technology transfer - including financing  Technology transfer is not a formula but an innovative process, involving learning by doing  Therefore there is the need for joint research and development through partnerships that will address the fear of loss of IPRs

39. CONCLUSIONS  Opportunities for financing technology development and transfer arise from barrier identification and removal strategies identified during technology needs and needs assessment  Sustained partnership that is built on mutual trust and benefit sharing is crucial for technology transfer  There is need to work to reduce risk associated with needed technologies to make them marketable  Entrepreneurial skills development is required