1. Identify how African-Americans participated in the war Understand the significance of Emancipation

2.  Why was Lincoln reluctant to issue a call for emancipation?  What changed his mind?  Why did he do it after the Battle of Antietam?

3. Freedom to the Slave, 1863 This engraving celebrating the Emancipation Proclamation first appeared in 1863. While it places a white Union soldier in the center, it also portrays the important role of African American troops and emphasizes the importance of education and literacy. (The Library Company of Philadelphia) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

4.  How many slaves were freed?  What was the response in the North?  What was the response of the Confederacy?

5.  180,000 Blacks enlist in Union by war’s end (10% of forces)  Face discrimination and opposition from Northern Whites  Receive less pay & used as labor brigades, initially  22 Congressional Medal of Honor winners  Soldiers raised by Frederick Douglass are the most famous, known as the 54 th Massachusetts Regiments(this is the story of the movie Glory)  Many executed by South as prisoners, as at Fort Pillow  South attempted to enlist blacks in the last month of the war, with little impact/effect

6. Black Troops from Company E Company E, 4th U.S. Colored Infantry, photographed at Fort Lincoln, Virginia, in 1864. Nothing so symbolized the new manhood and citizenship among African Americans in the midst of the war as such young black men in blue. (Chicago Historical Society) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

7. Slaves still on plantations “fought” too. How?  “slowdowns” and sabotage slow production  Runaways/contraband hurts labor force  Increasing incidents of violence  Southern men/military forced to stay at plantations to watch for rebellion = fewer soldiers fighting against North

8. Five generation slave family, Beaufort, S.C by T.H. O'Sullivan, 1862 This photograph of five generations of a slave family, taken in Beaufort, South Carolina, in 1862, is silent but powerful testimony to the importance that enslaved African Americans placed on their ever-threatened family ties. (Library of Congress) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

9.  More soldiers die of infections and disease than from wounds received on battle.  Prisons, in particular, are deadly (most famously Andersonville, in the South)  Women establish the United States Sanitary Commission  Clara Barton, “the angel of the battlefield,” pioneers on the battlefield nursing. She later helps founds the American Red Cross.  Belle Boyd, famous as a nurse and spy for the South.  Women in both the North and the South step in to men’s roles in the economy as men are drawn off to war.