1. Sketching and Lettering
Chapter 2
Sketching and Lettering

2. VOCABULARY Arcs Oblique Sketch Axis (axes) Overlay Composition Plane
Concentric Circles
Point
Ellipses
Proportion
Gothic Lettering
Radius (radii)
Guidelines
Tangent arcs
Isometric Lines
Texture
Isometric Sketching
Lettering
Line
Non- Isometric Lines
**** YOU SHOULD WRITE THESE DOWN and Define them.... Might be on a test!

3. The Design Process
The Design Process

4. The Design Process
The Design Process

5. The Design Process
STEP 1: Identify the Problem -- Students should state the challenge problem in their own words. Example: How can I design a __________ that will __________?

6. The Design Process
The Design Process

7. The Design Process
STEP 2: Identify Criteria and Constraints -- Students should specify the design requirements (criteria). Example: Our growth chamber must have a growing surface of 10 square feet and have a delivery volume of 3 cubic feet or less. Students should list the limits on the design due to available resources and the environment (constraints). Example: Our growth chamber must be accessible to astronauts without the need for leaving the spacecraft.

8. The Design Process
The Design Process

9. The Design Process
STEP 3: Brainstorm Possible Solutions -- Each student in the group should sketch his or her own ideas as the group discusses ways to solve the problem. Labels and arrows should be included to identify parts and how they might move. These drawings should be quick and brief.

10. The Design Process
The Design Process

11. The Design Process
STEP 4: Generate Ideas -- In this step, each student should develop two or three ideas more thoroughly. Students should create new drawings that are orthographic projections (multiple views showing the top, front and one side) and isometric drawings (three-dimensional depiction). These are to be drawn neatly, using rulers to draw straight lines and to make parts proportional. Parts and measurements should be labeled clearly.

12. The Design Process
The Design Process

13. The Design Process
STEP 5: Explore Possibilities -- The developed ideas should be shared and discussed among the team members. Students should record pros and cons of each design idea directly on the paper next to the drawings.

14. The Design Process
The Design Process

15. The Design Process
STEP 6: Select an Approach -- Students should work in teams and identify the design that appears to solve the problem the best. Students should write a statement that describes why they chose the solution. This should include some reference to the criteria and constraints identified above.

16. Chapter 2
The Design Process

17. The Design Process
STEP 7: Build a Model or Prototype -- Students will construct a full-size or scale model based on their drawings. The teacher will help identify and acquire appropriate modeling materials and tools. See the design brief for a sample list.

18. The Design Process
The Design Process

19. The Design Process
STEP 8: Refine the Design -- Students will examine and evaluate their prototypes or designs based on the criteria and constraints. Groups may enlist students from other groups to review the solution and help identify changes that need to be made. Based on criteria and constraints, teams must identify any problems and proposed solutions.

20. OVERVIEW What is spatial visualization? Isometric Drawings
Sketching Isometric Drawings
Coded Plans
Visualization of Object
Viewpoints
Examples

21. SPATIAL VISUALIZATION
The ability to mentally manipulate, rotate, twist, or invert a pictorially presented object.
Important skill for scientific & technical fields, such as:
Architects & Engineers
Doctors
Computer Programmers
Anyone needing a creative solution to a problem

22. Reasons for Sketching
Sketching is drawing freehand without the aid of any drafting equipment except paper and pencil. It is a very common form of visual communication that is used in virtually ALL areas of work and life.

23. Cool thing about Sketching
1. Uses no drafting equipment - freehand
2. Is an extremely fast form of visual communication.
3. Sketches increase clarity and understanding of concepts, shapes, or directions.
4. Is very convenient - can be done anywhere.
5. Is an extremely valuable organizational tool, which helps to minimize or prevent errors.
6. Is a collection of all necessary information required about an object - including detail, size and shape descriptions.

24. Reasons for Sketching Critical Factors
A. Key Reasons for Sketching      1) Communicate      2) Organize      3) Realize Ideas
B. Key Factors while Sketching      1) Speed      2) Accuracy      3) Clarity

25. Drawing Methods
Construction Lines to Object Lines      1) ALL single lines - NO "fuzzy" art type lines!      2) Point to Point      3) Dash to Dash      4) Draw Left to Right OR Bottom to Top B.

26. Drawing Methods
Block Technique      1) Establish outer proportions of object(s)      2) Divide into areas of major shapes      3) Add detail as required      4) Add text where necessary to clarify (notes or           dimensions)

27. Drawing Methods
Graph Technique (Resizing or Duplicating an Original)      1) Use original photo or drawing OR a xerox copy.      2) Draw Horizontal & Vertical grid lines on top of           object spaced an exact distance apart (ex. ½",           ¼", etc.).      3) On clean sheet of paper reproduce grid at           desired size (enlarge / reduce)      4) Add line detail a block at a time.

28. Types of Sketches
One View Orthographic Projection      1) Always that view which would be considered the           front of the object.      2) Used when only one view is necessary to provide           shape description.

29. Types of Sketches
Two View Orthographic Projection      1) Front View and Top View.      2) Used for cylindrical objects when all side views           are identical.

30. Types of Sketches
Three View Orthographic Projection      1) Front View, Top View, and Right Side View      2) Provides the most complete shape and size           description.      3) Is the industry standard for the manufacture of           objects.

31. Types of Sketches
Enlargement / Reduction (Templates)      1) Use of graph paper to enlarge or reduce grid           size      2) Complete sketch square by square, comparing           individual squares as you proceed.

32. Types of Sketches
Realize Ideas / Designing      1) Front View, Top View, and Right Side View      2) Clarity is essential, use text notes whenever           necessary.      3) Be sure finished sketch reflects what is in your           mind.

33. Chapter 2 The Glass BOX! Does it exist? If it does…. How does it work?
What’s it purpose?

34. Chapter 2 The Glass BOX! Does it exist? YES If it does….
How does it work? You will see….on next slide
What’s it purpose? TO Help one visualize all the views for an object.

35. Orthographic or Multiview Drawings
Imagine that you have an object suspended by transparent threads inside a glass box. 35

36. Orthographic or Multiview Drawings, Continued…
Then draw the object on each of three faces as seen from that direction. Unfold the box (figure 4) and you have the three views. We call this an "orthographic" or "multiview" drawing. 36

37. Orthographic or Multiview Drawings, Continued…
Figure 5 shows how the three views appear on a piece of paper after unfolding the box.
                                                             37

38. Orthographic or Multiview Drawings, Continued…
Which views should one choose for a multiview drawing?
The views that reveal every detail about the object. Three views are not always necessary; we need only as many views as are required to describe the object fully. 38

39. Orthographic or Multiview Drawings, Continued…
For example, some objects need only two views, while others need four. The circular object in figure 6 requires only two views.
Figure 6 - An object needing only two orthogonal views 39

40. To Review

41. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
Shows the faces of an object
Faces are parallel to the viewing plane
Frontal
Profile
Horizontal

42. VIEWING PLANES

43. FRONT VIEW

44. RIGHT SIDE VIEW

45. TOP VIEW

46. MULTIVIEW PROJECTION

47. UNFOLD THE BOX

48. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

49. ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING Front view shows height & width
Side view shows height & depth
Top view shows width & depth
Visible edges are solid lines.
Non-visible edges are dashed (hidden) lines
Views align with each other
Rotation from one view to another equals 90°

50. ROTATION OF VIEWS

51. SURFACE IDENTIFICATION

52. Pictorial Sketches
A Pictorial Sketch is a picturelike sketch in which the width, height, and depth of a object are shown in one view.

53. Pictorial Sketches
A Pictorial Sketch is a picturelike sketch in which the width, height, and depth of a object are shown in one view.
An oblique sketch is a type of pictorial sketch in which two of the axes are at right angles (90 degrees) to each other.

54. Pictorial Sketches
A Pictorial Sketch is a picturelike sketch in which the width, height, and depth of a object are shown in one view.
An oblique sketch is a type of pictorial sketch in which two of the axes are at right angles (90 degrees) to each other.

55. Pictorial Sketches
A Pictorial Sketch is a picturelike sketch in which the width, height, and depth of a object are shown in one view.
An oblique sketch is a type of pictorial sketch in which two of the axes are at right angles (90 degrees) to each other.
An isometric sketch is a type of pictorial sketch that relies on three axes to show width height and depth. However , an isometric sketch, shows the axes spaced equally. (120 degrees)

56. Pictorial Sketches
A Pictorial Sketch is a picturelike sketch in which the width, height, and depth of a object are shown in one view.
An oblique sketch is a type of pictorial sketch in which two of the axes are at right angles (90 degrees) to each other.

57. ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
Used to show 3-Dimensional projection on a 2-Dimensional surface.
Projected so that width and length are 30° from horizontal and height is vertical.

58. Isometric Sketching

59. Isometric Sketching

60. Isometric Sketching

61. Isometric Sketching

62. CODED PLANS Shows height of each “cube” stack.
Each corner could be a viewpoint of the object.
Viewpoint means the direction in which an observer is viewing the object.
Similar to a top view in an Orthographic Projection.

63. VISUALIZE OBJECT 2 1 V = Viewpoint 1 V FOR SKECTHING –
DO NOT SHOW EACH CUBE. SHOW ONLY VISIBLE SURFACES AND EDGES, AS IF CUBES HAVE BEEN COMBINED. V

64. EXAMPLE #1 2 V = Viewpoint 1 1 V
Note location of viewpoint and coded plan noting height of object. Click to start animation. V

65. EXAMPLE #2 2 2 3 1 1 V
Click to start animation.

66. VIEWPOINT Viewpoints can make the object appear differently.
Example #2 is redrawn with a different viewpoint.

67. DIFFERENT VIEWPOINT 2 2 3 1 1 V
Click to start animation.

68. COMPARISON OF VIEWPOINTS
Different look
Optical illusion of height
Viewpoints can show or exclude details

69. COMPARE 2 2 3 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 V V

70. ORTHOGRAPHIC vs. ISOMETRIC
ISOMETRIC DRAWING
ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING

71. CONCLUSION Spatial Visualization is an important skill
Coded plans help you visualize a solid object
Viewpoints change look of object and can hide details

72. DAY 1 STOP

73. Proportions in Sketching
Sketches are not usually made to scale (exact measurement).
It is important to still show proportions, so that each part of the drawing is roughly the right size in relation to other parts of the drawing.

74. Dimensioning a Sketch First what is a dimension?
Dimensioning is a way of enhancing the shape description provided by the drawing. By dimensioning the drawing, you are providing a size description to enhance the shape description provided. 

75. Dimensioning a Sketch
When dimensioning a drawing, the drafter must keep in mind the final object. Therefore, all information must be included such as sizes and the processes required to make the final piece. 

76. Dimensioning a Sketch
All drawings must be made to scale, with that scale indicated either in the title block, or below the detail's title on the sheet. 

77. Dimensioning a Sketch
There are many standards or "rules" for dimensioning a drawing. These may differ depending on the type of drawing and the accepted business standards for that discipline. 

78. Learning to Sketch (pg 38)
Rough Sketch
Refined Sketch
Presentation Sketch
Temporary Sketch
Permanent Sketch
The Overlay

79. Materials for Sketching
Paper and Pencil

80. Metric Paper ISO A Drawing Sizes (mm) A4 210 X 297 A3 297 X 420 A2

81. U.S. Paper Size U.S. Customary Drawing Sizes A 8.5" X 11" B 11" X 17"

82. Pencils 9H 8H 7H 6H 5H 4H 3H 2H H F HB B 2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 9B
Hardest →
Medium
Softest

83. Pencils
Tone
U.S.
World #1 B #2 HB
#2½ * F #3 H #4

84. SKETCHING LINES

85. OPEN TO PAGE 40

86. Day 3

87. Lettering
Lettering is used on drawings to give dimensions and other pertinent information needed to fully describe the item.
The lettering must be neat and legible if it is to be easily read and understood. 87

88. Lettering A drawing will be improved by good lettering.
However, a good drawing will look sloppy and unprofessional if the lettering is poorly done. 88

89. Lettering, Continued…
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) recommends that the Single-Stroke Gothic Alphabet be the accepted lettering standard 89

90. Lettering, Continued…
It can be drawn rapidly and is highly legible because each part of every letter is made by a single stroke.    90

91. Lettering, Continued…
This is because there are no serifs on the letters of this alphabet.
A serif is like a tiny foot on a letter; alphabets that have serifs are more difficult to letter by hand. An alphabet without serifs is always called a san serif alphabet. 91

92. Lettering, Continued…
Today, because of computers, there are many different alphabet styles (also called fonts).
When lettering a drawing, if the single stroke Gothic alphabet is not available, choose a san serif font and use only upper case letters.    92

93. Good Lettering, Continued…
Use guide lines
Guide lines should be drawn so lightly they will not show up on a print made from the drawing
Vertical guide lines may be used to assure that the letters will be vertical
Inclined guide lines are drawn at 67 1/20 to the horizontal line when inclined lettering is to be used.
INCLINED GUIDE LINES HELP KEEP INCLINED LETTERING UNIFORM

94. Good Lettering, Continued…
Only one form of lettering should appear on a drawing.
AVOID COMbINING SEVERAL fORMS Of LETTERING.

95. Lettering, Continued… Spacing:
Proper spacing of the letters is important.
The letters should be placed so spaces between the letters appear to be about the same.
SPACED VISUALLY
SPACED BY MEASURING 95

96. The Design Process Assignment (d2)
Designing new products, adapting or altering existing designs or creating something brand new is always a challenging task. However, if we can follow a process or a plan, we can often times shorten the time required to complete the project as well as ensure that we have not missed any necessary elements or crucial steps.

97. The Design Process Assignment (d2)
Task
Using any available source, research and then write a one page summary / explanation of "the design process." Be sure to include the recommended steps that should be followed.
Use the design process to create a new or original product
Create 'several' brainstorming sketches as you attempt to work out the final version of your product
Sketch a FINAL three view orthographic projection of your finished design. Be sure to include a title and as much detail (and labels) as necessary to communicate your idea to another person.
Self evaluate...
Staple your papers (Research report, Brainstorming sketches & Final sketch) together and turn in.

98. Drafting 1 Assignments starting Page 58 Problems 1, 3, 6, 9,10
Due in ONE WEEK
Complete on Graph paper