1. SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM A Project Report submitted
In ID1035 INDEPENDENT PROJECT
PROJECT CO-ORDINATER
Dr. Kiran K Khuchi

2. 1. THE SOLAR OPTION
Solar energy is a very large, inexhaustible source of energy. The power from the sun intercepted by the earth is approximately 1.8*1011MW, which is many thousands of times larger than the present consumption rate on the earth of all commercial energy sources.
Solar energy could supply all the present and future energy needs of the world on a continuing basis. This makes it one of the most promising of the unconventional energy sources.
Solar energy has two other factors in the favor.
Firstly, unlike fossil fuels and nuclear power, it is environmentally clean source of energy.
Secondly, it is free and available in adequate quantities in almost all parts of the world where people live. Also it has no heavy mechanical section and is free from noise.

3. Problem with Solar
However, there are many problems associated with its use, the main problem is that it is dilute source of energy. Even in the hottest regions on the earth, the solar radiations flux available rarely exceeds 1 KW/m, which is a low value for technological utilization.
Problem associated with the use of solar energy is that its availability varies widely with time. The variation in availability occurs daily because of the day night cycle and also seasonally because of the earth’s orbit around the sun.
To rectify these above problems the solar panel should be such that it always receives maximum intensity of light. For existing solar panels, which are without any control systems typical level of efficiency varies from 10% to 4% - a level that should improve measurably if the present interest continues.

4. 2. OBJECTIVE :
The aim of our projects is to utilize the maximum solar energy through solar panel. For this a digital based automatic sun tracking system is proposed. This project helps the solar power generating equipment to get the maximum sunlight automatically thereby increasing the efficiency of the system. The solar panel tracks the sun from east to west automatically for maximum intensity of light.
The aim of our project is to utilize the maximum solar energy through solar panel . For this a Digital based automatic sun tracking system is proposed. This project helps the solar power generating equipment to get the maximum sunlight automatically thereby increasing the efficiency of the system. The solar panel tracks the sun from east to west automatically for maximum intensity of light.
To fabricate a DC motor control interfaced with driver circuit
To fabricate a DC motor control interfaced with driver circuit.
To construct a model prototype solar cell movement system with a
mechanical assemble to move the panel from 180⁰ E to W.
To design an electronic circuit to sense the intensity of light and to control
DC motor driver for the panel movement.
To construct an emergency light inverter circuit i.e. to operate tube light
with the help of charged battery from the solar panel

5. 4.How the Track Rack follow the sun
1.Sunrise "Wake- Up
The Track Rack begins the day facing west. As the morning sun rises in the east, it heats the unshaded west-side canister with both.
2. Mid-Morning
The Track Rack moved by the shifting
weight of liquid flowing from one side
of the tracker to the other through a
copper tube that connects the east and
west canisters .When one canister is exposed to the sun more than the other, its vapor pressure increases, forcing liquid to the cooler, shaded side.
direct and reflected rays (from the inter surface of the "shadow plate") forcing liquid into the shaded east-side cannister.
3. Mid-Afternoon
As the sun moves, the Track
Rack follows (at approximately
15o per hour, continually
seeking equilibrium as liquid
moves from one side of the .
4. Sunset
The Track Rack completes its daily
cycle facing west. It remains in this
position overnight until it is
"awakened" by the rising sun the
following morning.
tracker to the other.

6. LDR
SENSOR
AT89C4051
Microcontroller
LM324
Op-Amp IC
ULN2003
STEPPER
MOTOR

7. 6. Circuit 1K LM 324 AT89C2051 1K 22K 10K 56K 10K 10K 10K 22K +5V +5V
1µF
10K LM
324 1 2 3 4
10K
56K
+5V
33P
12MHz
10K
33P
10K 1K
22K
+5V

8. ULN 2003 1
7805
Voltage
Regulator 3 2 -
12V
Battery
+12V

9. 8.Working with KEIL software

10. 7.CIRCUIT DISCRIPTION COMPONENT LIST 1. IC1 LM324 2. IC2
Microcontroller AT89C2051 3.
Voltage Regulator
7805 4.
IC3
ULN 2003 5.
LDR1 & LDR2
Light Dependent Resistor 6.
Oscillator
Crystal Oscillator 12MHz 7.
Resistors
1K(2);10K(4);56K(1); 8.
Capacitors
1µF(1);33P(2)

11. COMPONENT LIST 9. Variable Resistor 250K(2) 10. Battery 12V 11.
Stepper Motor 1
12.
LED
2 Red

12. Thank You... Submitted by Piyush Sharma[EE12B1024]
Ajay Dhakar[CE12B1001]
Mohit Chaudhary[CE12B1014]
Vikas Kumar Yadav[CH12B1027]
Rajkumar Meena[ME12B1029]