1.  Symbiosis Objective: To understand the relationships between species that allows them to survive.

2. Symbiosis  Means ‘living together’; a partnership  Explains the close relationship between two species that allows them to ‘live together’ in order to survive  ‘Inter-specific’: means that it occurs between different species

3. Why live together?  Due to competition for food and territory  Animals try to avoid direct competition and form a stable relationship (other than the predator-prey relationship)  Sharing of space and/or food supply

4. Animal kingdom  Nile crocodile & crocodile bird  Hermit crab & sea anemone  Buffalo & oxpecker  Shark & remora fish

5. Crocodile & bird  Nile crocodile  Usually eats animals  Allows bird to walk around its mouth  Crocodile bird  Cleans parasites in croc ’ s teeth  Removes and eats scraps of food  Eats harmful leeches and parasites

6. Hermit crab & sea anemone  Hermit crab  protects the crab  Sea anemone  Gets leftover food http://www.ms-starship.com/sciencenew/symbiosis.htm

7. Buffalo & oxpecker  Buffalo  Lets the bird eat  Oxpecker  Eats ticks and other parasites off skin  Warns buffalo of danger http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/enemiespartners.html/

8. Shark & remora fish  Shark  Lets the fish eat  Remora Fish  Eats parasites  Gets the shark’s leftovers

9. 3 categories of symbiotic interrelationships: Both species benefit from the association. Mutualism When one species benefits from the association and the other is unharmed. Commensalism An interaction where one species lives in/on the host; the host is often harmed. Parasitism

10. Mutualism  Both species benefit  Neither can survive without the other  Examples  Tickbirds and rhinos  Flowers and bees

11. Commensalism  “ eating together at the same table ”  Only one member benefits  sharing space, defense, shelter, food  Neither will die if relationship is ended  E.g. Pearlfish & sea cucumber http://www.ms-starship.com/sciencenew/symbiosis.htm

12. Parasitism  Not symbiotic  Causes harm to host  E.g. Fleas living off a dog