2. GO131: International Relations Professor Walter Hatch Colby College Cold War

3. Facing Off

4. The Cold War: Basic Facts 1945 to (roughly) 1989 Bipolar international system U.S. NATO U.S.-Japan Security Treaty Soviet Union Warsaw Pact Comintern alliance with China (until late 60s) Defined U.S. and Soviet foreign policy for four decades With two exceptions, it never got “hot” Instead, combatants fought “proxy wars”

5. How did it come about? Soviet expansionism? U.S. imperialism? Or something else?

6. Yalta WWII victors

7. Germany Divided

8. Promises Broken U.S. terminates aid to the Soviets Stalin installs “puppet state” in Poland

9. The “Iron Curtain”

10. Soviet Expansion

11. Early days: U.S. “Containment” Policy March 1947: Truman issues his “doctrine” July 1947: Kennan publishes his “X” article July 1947: Marshall Plan March 1948: Berlin blockade April 1949: NATO formed

12. The Cold War in Asia July 1945: Truman and Stalin at Potsdam Soviets request an occupation zone in Japan U.S. drops bombshell August 1945: Soviets invade Manchuria August 1945: Americans nuke Japan August 1949: Soviets test their own A-bomb October 1949: Chinese Communists create PRC

13. “Red” China (born 1949)

14. Resistance and Repression Hungary (1956) Czechoslovakia (1968)

15. Close Calls Berlin Crisis (1961) Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

16. Proxy Wars

17. Détente (1963-78) Arms control negotiations Limited Test Ban Treaty (1963) Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968) Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972) Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (1972) Increased trade The “China card”

18. New Little Cold War (1979-85) Breshnev and military buildup in late1970s Soviet intervention in Afghanistan Reagan and military buildup in early 80s U.S. intervention in Nicaragua

19. Contras and Sandinistas

20. Mikhail Gorbachev Perestroika Glasnost

22. The End June 1989: Solidarity wins election in Poland October 1989: Hungary opens its border November 1989: Berlin Wall falls December 1989: Ceausescu executed in Romania December 1989: Czechoslovakia elects Vaclav Havel as its president March 1990: Lithuania votes for independence October 1990: Germany unifies December 1991: Coup fails; USSR becomes CIS

24. Orthodox View Soviet expansionism (a la Germany) Kennan’s realism: The Deliberate Bear Schlesinger’s constructivism: Messianic State

25. Revisionist View U.S. Imperialism Williams: “Open door” for U.S. capital Lasch: The “irrational” state

26. Neo-realism: No blame Gaddis Power vacuum in Europe U.S. and Soviet Union sucked in Conflict inevitable

27. Postscript: Some institutions die hard