1. General Themes (1): n Colonization: 1. invasion u India: U.K. u the Caribbean: Holland, Spain, France, U.K. u Metaphor: Caliban n Colonization: 4: neo-colonialism U.S. n Colonization: 2. Settlement u Canada:U. K. u Metaphor:Miranda n Colonization: 3. Internal colonialism = u racism against immigrants

2. General Themes (2): Language & Cultural Hybridity n Indian subcontinent -- metaphor: Masala; midnight’s children, god of small things causes: multiple invasion-colonization; language, religion, race and caste system n the Caribbean -- metaphor: creole (and creolization); metissage causes: invasion + settlement -colonization + immigration - multiple colonizer + African slaves + Asian indenture laborers n Canada -- metaphor: mosaic causes: settlement colonization + immigrants + Multiculturalism Act (1988)

3. n Race/Gender power u parallel: women as double-victims u opposite: Clare’s hunting experience n the Caribbeans in Toronto(Rude, “Griff”) n poverty, drug, sexism n inverse racism, defense mechanism & survival skills n Canada’s national identity n parallel: n Atwood’s “Trick with Mirror” n Asian-Canadian n Obasan n “Concubine” General Themes (3): race/gender (class) relations parallel --> opposite

4. General Themes (4): gender/cultural identity n A girl/woman’s uncertain identity in the growing process: n Antoinette, Annie, Clare n Naomi n Double Happiness n Diasporic characters: n uncertain identity and emotional instability/lack: e.g. n “Lady from Lucknow” n Happy Together Causes: social environment, family, self-insufficiency

5. MICHAEL J. FOX Keanu Reeve Captain Kirk Jim Carrey ALANIS MORISSETTE k.d. Lang Celine Dion Paul Anka, Neil Young, Peter Jennings Saturday Night Life: Dan Aykroyd Pamela Ander- son Lee Megan Follow as Anne of Green Gables Which of the following are Canadians?

6. n Aussies: Dislike being mistaken for Pommies (Brits) when abroad. n Canadians: Are rather indignant about being mistaken for Americans when abroad. n Americans: Encouraged being mistaken for Canadians when abroad. n Brits: Can't possibly be mistaken for anyone else when abroad.

7. n Americans: Spell words differently, but still call it "English". n Brits: Pronounce their words differently, but still call it "English". n Canadians: Spell like the Brits, pronounce like Americans. n Aussies: Add "G'day", "mate" and a heavy accent to everything they say

8. n Aussies: Are extremely patriotic to their beer. n Americans: Are flag- waving,anthem-singing, and obsessively patriotic to the point of blindness. n Canadians: Can't agree on the words to their anthem, when they can be bothered to sing them. n Brits: Do not sing at all but prefer a large brass band to perform the anthem.

9. From Two Solitudes to MANY: Canada‘s National Identity & Race Relations "As Canadian as possible,..., under the circumstances."

10. Canada: From Two Solitudes to MANY: n “Garrison/Victim Mentality” vs. individualism n Duality -- caused by settler-colonization and neo-colonialism –French and English; –British, American & “Canadian” –e.g. “Tricks with Mirror” “Can Lit.”

11. Immigrants & Multiculturalism Act Immigrants to Canada n the postwar new-comers: at first mainly British, and then Dutch and German n in the 1960s -- Mediterranean peoples, notably Italians, Greeks and Portuguese, n in the 1970s -- a steadily growing number of Asians--from India and China via Hong Kong especially and of people of ultimately African origin via the Caribbean.