1. Wrapping Up Agriculture

6. Aim: How do land survey systems help us organize space? Do Now: Imagine you are riding in an airplane (window seat) travelling west across the U.S. You look down at the land below. What do you see?

8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyeu5JEy5q8

9. Cadastral Systems Land survey systems Way to subdivide and describe land Defines property lines to allow land ownership 3 main types in the U.S. 1. Metes and Bounds 2. Long Lots 3. Township and Range

10. 1. Find Metes and Bounds

11. 1. Metes and Bounds System

12. “Beginning at the black oak on the east bank of walnut creek, thence north 65 poles to the large standing rock, north 30 east 70 poles to the large oak tree, thence south 30 poles across the creek, thence east 40 poles to beginning.” Poles = 16 ½ foot lengths 1. Metes and Bounds System

13. http://www.fairview-industries.com/gismodule/PartOneMetes&Bound.html Example of how it would apply to farmland surrounding a river 1. Metes and Bounds System

14.  British system  Found mostly where the 13 colonies were  Uses natural features (such as trees, streams, rocks) to demarcate irregular parcels of land

15. 2. Find Long Lots

16. 2. Long Lots System In this example the lots all have access to the central road

17. 2. Long Lots System

20.  French system  Found in areas with strong French influences (e.g. Louisiana, Quebec) as well as Texas  Divides land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals.

21. 3. Find Township and Range (rectangular grid)

22. Land Ordinance of 1785 Set forth how the government would measure, divide and distribute the land it had acquired from Great Britain north and west of the Ohio River at the end of the American Revolution Set up rectangular survey system

23. Northwest Territory

24. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 No process for how a territory becomes a state in the constitution so Northwest Ordinance legislation passed For a territory to become a state: –60,000 residents –Constitution –Proposed borders http://www.history.com/topics/us-states/ohio/videos/ohio- and-the-west?m=5189719baf036&s=All&f=1&free=false

25. 3. Township and Range System

28. Westward Expansion - Railroads

29. 3. Township and Range System  Most popular in the U.S.  Proposed by Thomas Jefferson in Land Ordinance of 1785 after Revolutionary War  Rectangular survey system: based on a grid  Made division and settlement of land easier - land bought and sold in whole, half, or quarter sections  Land out west sold to railroads who gave land to immigrants who promised to farm it for five years  Railroads made money from farmers transporting crops to markets out east

30. 3. Township and Range System Homestead Act (1862) –allowed citizens to settle on up to 160 acres of surveyed but unclaimed public land –receive title to it (own it) after making improvements and living there for five years

31. Property Inheritance Primogeniture – all land passes to the eldest son

32. Dispersed Settlements Land is intensely cultivated by machine, not by hand Typically found in the United States Midwest Isolated from neighbors as opposed to living side by side

33. Nucleated (or Clustered) Settlements Land is intensely cultivated by people and animals Number of families living in close proximity with fields surrounding houses and farm buildings Most prevalent rural residential pattern in agricultural areas

34. World Areas of Agricultural Innovations Carl Sauer identified 11 areas where agricultural innovations occurred.

35. Plant Hearths

36. Desertification Changeover between desert and savanna http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/video/player?titleID=1437286183