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Globalization & Geography Geo100 Fall 2003 Lecture #1
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Outlines Globalization What triggers globalization? What is the effects of globalization? Is globalization good or bad? Geography What is geography? Introducing core concepts of geography…
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Globalization U.S. popular culture all over the world
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Globalization Global connection
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Globalization Cultural globalization in an interactive way
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Electronic herd Global “Electronic Herd” Rapid movement of capital
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Sweatshop Global “Sweatshops” International division of labor
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Globalization The increasing interconnectedness of people and places through converging processes of economic, political, and cultural change Economic activities are the prime movers behind globalization; affects cultural patterns, political arrangements, and social developments Transcends traditional boundaries
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What triggers Globalization? Global communication systems: Transportation, internet, media… Transnational conglomerate corporate: eg. McDonald, SONY, Chrysler, NOKIA… Multinational organization: World Bank, IMF, WTO…
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Effects of Globalization Economic: International division of labor Cultural: Continuing dispersion of the Western (inc. American) cultures and social values, organizational structures Social tensions between traditional cultures and new, external globalizing currents
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Effects of Globalization Geopolitical: economic activity and politics are more intertwined than ever due to the process of transcending territorial boundaries Demographic: International migration Environmental: aggravates worldwide environmental problems
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Is globalization good or bad? Pro-globalizers: efficiency Anti-globalizers: inequity
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Advocates of Globalization Open market (reduce barrier to trade) -> spread new technologies and ideas -> enhance competition -> enhance national productivity Thus Economic Convergence (Trickle-down): The world’s poorer countries will gradually catch up with the more advanced economies
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Advocates of Globalization Who supports this? Multinational organizations Multinational firms International investors
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Advocates of Globalization Empirical evidence? Self-sufficiency is bad Eg. North Korea, Burma Openness is good Eg. Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand
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Critics of Globalization Globalization is not a natural process, rather product of economic policy promoted by free-trade advocates Globalization creates greater inequity between rich and poor
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Global economic inequity From UN report (2001)
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Critics of Globalization Who supports this? Environmental movement group Labor movement group Student group
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Critics of Globalization Empirical evidence? The countries have prevented their domestic industries from foreign competition The economic model adopted by the highly successful developing countries is not the same as the one Western industrial countries used: The countries have prevented their domestic industries from foreign competition
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International Financial System Is good in that it’s flexible (promotes free flow of capital) by pro-globalizers Is bad in that it’s unstable (liable to stampedes eg. bubble economy) by anti-globalizers
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Middle position Both are right in some extent, but somewhat exaggerated promise or pitfall globalization holds can be managed to reduce inequality and protect natural environment Need for globalized networks of environmental, labor, and human rights groups
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Make openness work Openness to global economy can be beneficial, but how can we make this openness work? By investing in education and maintaining social cohesion? (Dani Rodrik)
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Diversity Globalization homogenizes the world, but the world is still a diverse world Ethnic and cultural differences are contributing to separatist political movements
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Diversity Each conflict is unique, understandable only in the light of the specific cultural and political environments in which it occurs Understanding the extant fabric of a highly diverse world is the starting point of comprehending globalization on which our future depends
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Geography Geography: Greek for “describing the Earth” Physical vs Human geography Systematic vs Regional geography Regional geography as a science of understanding the extant fabric of a highly diverse world
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Subjects in Regional Geography Human-Environment interaction Areal differentiation & integration Regions Cultural Landscape
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Human-Environment Interaction Environmental determinism environment -> human Possibilism: determinism + human modification of environment Taoism? human in balance with nature
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Areal Differentiation & Integration Areal Differentiation: Why is the same phenomenon manifested in a different fashion place by place? Eg. California-Mexico border Areal Integration: How areas interact with each other? Eg. Taiwan and Syllicon valley
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California-Mexico Border
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Regions Areal units grouped based on similar traits like Era in History: WWI, WWII, Cold war Epoch in Geology: Jurassic, Cambrian period Region in Geography: North America, Latin America, North Africa & Southwest Asia, East Asia, Europe…
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12 Regions in a global scale
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Cultural Landscape Let’s look at some photos showing Settlement patterns in different parts of world
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Yunnan Province, China Due to the intensive agriculture (rice crops), the settlement shows highly concentrated patterns
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Iowa, US Township-and-range survey system stamped such rectangular patterns of settlement
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Cultural Landscape shows how humans shape the environment into distinctive forms that give places their special identities
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Peruvian village in Andes populated by indigenous people, expresses their local traditions
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Town in Venezuela The Spanish colonial presence is still found in the plaza, street pattern, and building architecture
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Cultural Landscape City and village landscapes differ widely because of the interplay between contemporary and historical forces
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Cultural Landscape Defined as “visible, material expression of human settlement, past and present” Human beings transform space into distinct places loaded with meaning Tool for the analysis of place Marker of cultural values, attitudes, and symbol
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