1. بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

3. سلولها و اعضای لنفاوی

4. مقدمه انواع پاسخ ایمنی انواع پاسخ ایمنی طبیعی و اکتسابی طبیعی و اکتسابی سلولی و هومورال ( مولکولهای دفاعی ) سلولی و هومورال ( مولکولهای دفاعی ) CD مارکرها CD مارکرها

5. حالات مختلف سلول های دفاعی غیر فعال غیر فعال فعال فعال کارگزار Effector کارگزار Effector بکر Naive بکر Naive خاطره ای خاطره ای

7. مراحل مختلف پاسخ ایمنی اختصاصی شناسایی و تشخیص شناسایی و تشخیص فعال شدن فعال شدن تکثیر Clonal Expantion تکثیر Clonal Expantion تمایز تمایز مهاجرت مهاجرت مقابله و حذف مقابله و حذف فروکش شدن فروکش شدن ایجاد خاطره ایجاد خاطره

27. بي عنايات خدا هيچيم هيچ

32. باده غمگينان خورند و ما ز مي خوشدلتريم رو به محبوسان غم ده ساقيا افيون خويش

33. اعضای لنفاوی

34. اولیه primary= Central تیموس مغز استخوان ثانویهSecondary= Perpheral غدد لنفاوی طحال بافت لنفاوی مخاطی ثالثیه Tertiary

35. Lymphoid System Basics Cells, tissues and organs that function to protect body from invasion and damage by foreign cells, microbes, viruses and parasites Also known as the immune system Two types of lymphoid tissues: –Encapsulated: connective tissue capsule spleen, thymus, lymph nodes –Unencapsulated (or partly encapsulated) tonsils, Peyer’s patches, lymphoid nodules in GI tract, respiratory tract, urinary & reproductive tracts

36. 2 Types of Lymphoid Organs Central lymphoid organ: where lymphoid precursor cells undergo antigen dependent proliferation and differentiation –T cells in thymus –B cells in bone marrow Peripheral lymphoid organ: where functional lymphocytes go including lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer’s patches, lymphoid nodules of GI and other tracts

37. Functional categories Primary lymphoid organs: antigen independent; isolated from outside “world” –Bone marrow –Thymus –Bursa of Fabricius (birds) Secondary lymphoid organs: antigen dependent; exposed to outside “world” –MALT (BALT, GALT) –Lymph nodes –Spleen

38. Peripheral Lymphoid Tissues Lymphocytes contact antigens and divide and differentiate into B cells and T cells Memory cells form that circulate for years to provide extended immunity

44. Thymus 1 Central lymphoid organ Thin capsule, lobular organization Each lobule has cortex (greater cell density) with many T lymphocytes surrounding lighter medulla Epithelial reticular cells Hassal’s corpuscles (flattened epithelial reticular cells)

45. Thymus: cortex and medulla

46. Thymus cortexThymus medulla

47. Thymus 2 Cortex: many lymphocytes, macrophages, epithelial reticular cells Medulla: more epithelial reticular cells and fewer lymphocytes –mature T lymphocytes leave from here to go to spleen and lymph nodes –Hassal’s corpuscles: concentric layers of epithelial reticular cells, core degenerated; function/significance unknown After puberty thymus undergoes involution and increases in connective tissue and adipocytes

52. چشم ها را بايد شست جور ديگر بايد ديد

54. Lymphatic vessels Resemble veins (same 3 layers) Found throughout body except: –Avascular tissues –Central nervous system –Splenic pulp –Bone marrow

56. Lymph Nodes Number, location and size –100-200 clustered primarily in neck, thorax, abdomen and pelvis; few in the extremities –Absent from CNS –Usually not located within other organs –Size of watermelon seed to one-third that size Difficult to palpate

57. Lymph Nodes Throughout body along lymph vessels Numerous in axilla, groin, cervical area and thoracic/abdominal mesenteries Filter lymph before it returns to vasculature Hilum, concave side, arteries, nerves enter and veins leave Afferent lymph vessels enter convex surface Efferent lymph vessels exit hilum

58. Lymph Nodes Capsule of dense irregular connective tissue with incomplete septa Reticular fiber network Cortex: subcapsular sinus, peritrabecular sinuses, several primary and secondary (have germinal centers) lymphoid nodules, venules may have thick endothelium

59. Lymph Nodes Lymphoid nodule germinal centers have mitotic lymphocytes with surrounding B cells Outside nodules is paracortical zone where there are many T cells; endothelium may be thickened Medulla has sinuses which join to form efferent vessels

60. Lymph Node

62. Blood Flow Legend: a: arterioleb: capillary c: post - capillary venuled: muscular venule

64. Section of a lymph node showing the cortex and the medulla 1 Capsule;2 lymphoid nodule with germinative center 3 subcapsular sinus; (4) intermediate sinus; (5) medullary cords; (6) medullary sinus; (7) trabecula. (Courtesy of PA Abrahamsohn.)

65. در بيابان گر به شوق كعبه خواهي زد قدم سرزنشها گر كند خار مغيلان غم مخور

67. Spleen 1 Largest lymphatic organ Many macrophages; rbc phagocytosis Capsule of dense irregular connective tissue w/ trabeculae dividing pulp incompletely White pulp with lymphoid nodules Red pulp found between sinusoids has reticular fibers, reticular epithelial cells and macrophages

69. White Pulp Central arteries with encircling lymphoid tissue T cells form periarterial lymphatic sheaths (PALS) around small arteries Nodules are mostly B cells Reticular epithelial cells & macrophages

70. Red Pulp Reticular cells with cords of cells between sinuses Cords have macrophages, monocytes, lymphocytes, plasma cells, rbc, granulocytes Sinuses have irregular lumen, incomplete endothelium and basal lamina

72. Spleen with red pulp and white pulp Spleen red pulp

73. Spleen white pulp with surrounding red pulp

74. Functions of Spleen Lymphocyte production in white pulp RBC phagocytosis in red pulp T and B cells involved in immune response Blood storage; small amount in humans

75. Red Pulp of Spleen Macrophage s Fenestrated endothelium

76. با صد هزار جلوه برون آمدي كه من........

77. MALT - I Diffuse and solitary lymphoid nodules: a portion of GALT and all of BALT Unencapsulated lymphoid tissue (multiple nodules) –Peyer’s patches: (a portion of GALT) M (Microfold) cells: epithelial cells which transport antigen –Appendix (a portion of GALT)

78. MALT - II Partially encapsulated lymphoid tissue (multiple nodules) – Tonsils: palatine, lingual and pharyngeal (tonsils are a portion of GALT). –GALT is, therefore, any gut-associated lymphoid tissue whether it takes the form of diffuse LT, solitary lymphoid nodules, Peyer’s patches, the appendix or the tonsils. –GALT + BALT = MALT

79. Unencapsulated or Incompletely Encapsulated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoid nodules Tonsils: palatine, pharyngeal, lingual Peyer’s patches

80. Lymphoid Nodules Nodules of densely packed lymphocytes located in digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract, and reproductive tract Most lymphocytes are B cells

81. Tonsils Incompletely encapsulated lymphoid nodules Palatine: covered by stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium; crypts; underlying connective tissue barrier Pharyngeal: covered by ciliated pseudostratified epithelium, no crypts Lingual: smaller, at base of tongue; covered by stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium; one crypt in each nodule

82. Palatine tonsil Pharyngeal tonsil

83. Peyer’s Patches Lymphoid nodules in the lamina propria of the ileum (covered in detail in the digestive tract section)