1. Location factors
Energy resources

2. Energy & electricity
Electricity is the flow of electrical power or charge.
It is a secondary energy source which means that we get it from the conversion of other sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and other natural sources, which are called primary sources.
The energy sources we use to make electricity can be renewable or non-renewable,
but electricity itself is neither renewable or non-renewable.

3. Renewable energy resources
Solar energy
HEP
Tidal power
Wind power
Geothermal energy
Water motion
Biofuels

4. Non-renewable energy Firewood/charcoal Coal Oil/petroleum Natural gas
Nuclear power

5. What are the uses of energy in industries?

6. To power the machines

7. To transport RM and products

8. To burn and remove impurities in RM
To smelt ores to extract useable metals

9. To convert RM to final goods

10. To produce secondary energy

11. Charcoal Dirty Bulky Great amount used Difficult in transport
High production cost

12. Where can we get charcoal?
Woodland location
Example: early iron industry

13. Motive power
Immobile
Can’t be transported

14. Where is the industry located?
By the sides of a river/stream
Example: Textile industry in Somerset, Britain in 14th century

15. Coal Strong locational influence Highly localized
Therefore, industries are coal field-oriented
Example: early steel industries in Pittsburgh, USA

16. Electricity
Mobile = can be transported by cables and pylons (>1500 km from power station)
ubiquitous
Therefore, free from the sources of power
Reduce the pull of energy

17. Electricity
Allows some old industries in the coalfield continue to operate (geographical inertia)

18. Coal Allows other factors to influence the location of industries
Like market
So industries can now be located away from power resources and power stations

19. Coal Some stick to coastal location (port-oriented)
Due to import of power resources, e.g. coal
Example: iron and steel ind. have been located along NE USA to obtain imported RM at lower cost

20. Petroleum & natural gas
Small impact on industrial location
Can be easily transported by pipelines, e.g. Alaska
And by supertankers
But port locations are attractive ind. locations

21. HEP
Associated with aluminium smelting & pulp ind., which requires a lot of energy
Pull on ind. location is not strong
As it can be conveniently transmitted by high-tension wires
Allow other factors to become more important, e.g. labour supply and market

22. Nuclear power Produced by nuclear reactors Located in remote areas
Because of radiation danger
unlikely to attract ind.

23. Aluminium smelting energy-intensive/power-oriented
Aluminium smelters at Kitimat in British Columbia
Electro-chemical industries around Niagara Falls, S. Norway.
It requires on average 15.7 kWh of electricity to produce 1 kg of aluminium.
The smelting process is continuous/ cannot easily be stopped and restarted.
Therefore, reliable power supply is essential

24. Aluminium smelting
Design and process improvements have progressively reduced this figure from about 21kWh in the 1950's.

25. Aluminium & HEP
> 55% of the world's primary aluminium is produced using HEP
HEP dams and their related aluminium smelters tend to be situated in remote areas.
Most other aluminium smelters are located in energy-surplus regions.

26. Recent trend: Global shift in aluminium smelters
From MDCs to LDCs such as Latin America.
e.g. build Al. smelters in Trinidad & Tobago
Reasons:
Rising energy costs in developed world
Low energy cost (local gas)
RM are found (bauxite)
Access to N. American markets

27. Is power still an important location factor now?
Important for those ind. which consume a large amount of energy
For other ind., regularity and consistency supply of electricity is more important
Often occur in many newly industrialized countries with the lack of infrastructure
Example: Daya Bay