1. Chapter 11: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination
Social Psychology by Tom Giliovich, Dacher Keltner, and Richard Nisbett

2. Characterizing Intergroup Bias
Stereotypes - beliefs about attributes that are thought to be characteristic of members of particular groups
Prejudice - a negative attitude or affective response toward a certain group and its individual members
Discrimination - unfair treatment of members of a particular group based on their membership in that group

3. Sources of Prejudice Social Sources Cognitive Sources Unequal Status
Social Identity
Cognitive Sources
Stereotypes
Perceived Similarities and Differences
Illusory Correlation

4. Social Sources of Prejudice
Unequal Status
realistic conflict theory - direct competition between groups over valued resources (jobs, schools)
Robber’s Cave Experiment
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis

5. Racial Violence and Economic Conditions

6. Frustration During Exercise
Back

7. Social Sources of Prejudice
Social Identity
social categorization- divide world into in-group (“us”) and out-group (“them”)
in-group bias- view own group more favorably
Bele: You're finished Lokai. Oh, we got your kind penned in on Cheron in a little district. And it's not going to change. You half-white. Lokai: You half-black.

8. In-Group Bias from Exercise

9. Cognitive Sources of Prejudice
“prejudice is by-product of our thinking processes”
stereotypes- sweeping generalizations of social groups
influence social thought by:
process information consistent with stereotype quicker
focus on information consistent with stereotype
use tacit inferences to make inconsistent information appear consistent

10. Cognitive Sources of Prejudice
out-group homogeneity
out-group members seen as more alike
in-group differentiation
in-group members seen as more diverse (heterogeneous)
illusory correlations
overestimating rates of negative behavior in minority groups

11. Out-Group Homogeneity

12. Discrimination
Discrimination- negative behaviors directed toward members of some social group
subtle forms
tokenism- perform trivial actions for minorities
reverse discrimination- leaning over backwards to treat targets of prejudice favorably
“modern” racism 4 10 10

13. Characterizing Intergroup Bias
1. Modern Racism and Sexism
Modern racism - prejudice directed at other racial groups that exists alongside a rejection of explicitly racist beliefs
a. Benevolent Racism and Sexism

14. Characterizing Intergroup Bias
2. Measures to Assess True Attitudes
a. Implicit Association Test (IAT)
technique for revealing unconscious prejudices toward particular groups
b. Priming and Implicit Prejudice
Priming - procedure used to increase the accessibility of a concept or schema (for example, a stereotype)

17. Implicit Attitudes
Are automatically activated evaluations outside of a person’s awareness (unconscious)
Formed slowly through experience
Very resistant to extinction
Changing implicit attitudes
Can be changed without subject’s conscious awareness
Prime subjects with counterstereotypes

18. Being a Member of a Stigmatized Group
1. Attributional Ambiguity
2. Stereotype Threat
- fear that one will confirm the stereotypes that others have regarding some salient group of which one is a member

19. Reducing Prejudice Social Learning Increase intergroup contact
teach parents to socialize children to be tolerant
Increase intergroup contact
contact must involve cooperation and interdependence
norms favoring group equality must exist
focus on individual-based (vs. category) processing
Extended Contact Hypothesis
knowing that members of in-group have formed friendships with out-group members may reduce prejudice 4 10 10

20. Reducing Prejudice (con’t)
Have groups work on superordinate goals
Focus on similarities between in-group and nonthreatening out-group
Recategorization
reset boundaries between “us” and “them”, so former out-group is now included in in-group
Focus on others’ specific traits and outcomes (attribute-driven processing) rather than on group stereotypes (category-driven processing) 4 10 10

21. Study Smarter: Student Website
Chapter Reviews
Diagnostic Quizzes
Vocabulary Flashcards
Apply It! Exercises