1. LECTURE 12 Stereotyping, Prejudice, & Discrimination  Administration  Categorization and Social Identity Processes  Types of Intergroup Biases and their Relationships  Stereotyping  Prejudice  Break  Discrimination  Video: True Colors  Next Class

2. Revised Grading  Exam 1  Thursday, January 29 th  No Exam 2  Final Exam  Final Exam Period, April 19 th – April 28 th  Multiple choice and short answer questions  Cumulative - Material from lectures, videos, and textbook from whole course (Chapters 1 -12)

3. Revised Grading Grade Option 1:  Exam 1 – 30%  Final Exam – 70% Option 2:  Exam 1 – 40%  Final Exam – 60% ***The option that provides the highest grade will be used.

4. Course Schedule 1) Thursday, March 19 th Group Dynamics and Conformity Reading material: Chapter 7: Conformity: Influencing Others, pp. 192-233. Posted Online http://psychology.blog.yorku.ca/course-material-accommodation-2015/

5. Thursday, March 26 th Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination Reading material: Chapter 12: Prejudice: Causes and Cures, pp. 372-415. Course Schedule

6. Thursday, April 2 nd Altruism and Aggression Reading material: Chapter 10: Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help? pp. 310-337. Chapter 11: Aggression: Why We Hurt Other People, pp. 338-371.

7. Course Schedule Thursday, April 9 th Interpersonal Attraction and Close Relationships and Course Wrap-Up Reading material: Chapter 9: Interpersonal Attraction: From First Impressions to Close Relationships, pp. 270-309.

8. Course Schedule Final Exam: April 19 th – April 28 th (Cumulative) - Date and Location TBA

9. Questions?

10. Dot Estimation Task

11. ........ …............. … …....

12. . …...... …. …........ ….........… … ……

13. …............... …………... … …. …..

14. Terry (overestimator)810131519 Chris (underestimator)37131821

15. Terry (overestimator)810131519 Chris (underestimator)37131821

16. Terry (overestimator)810131519 Chris (underestimator)37131821

17. Pat (underestimator)810131519 Cary (overestimator)37131821

18. According to Realistic Conflict Theory (and results from the Robber’s Cave experiments) To create bias (discrimination/prejudice) you need: a) intergroup interaction b) scarce resources c) intergroup conflict (competition)

19. Robber’s Cave Experiments Sherif et al. (1961) Four Phases 1)Spontaneous Interpersonal Friendships 2)Group Formation (Rattlers and Eagles) 3)Intergroup Conflict 4)Intergroup Cooperation – superordinate goals

20. According to Realistic Conflict Theory (and results from the Robber’s Cave experiments) To create bias (discrimination/prejudice) you need: a) intergroup interaction b) scarce resources c) intergroup conflict (competition)

21. According to Social Identity Theory (and results from the minimal group experiments) To create discrimination/prejudice you only need: a) categorization into 2 groups (Robber’s Cave) The Importance of Being Positive and Distinct.

22. Minimal Group Paradigm Tajfel & Turner (1979) ■ The procedure. ■ The importance of being positive and distinct.

23. Terry (overestimator)810131519 Chris (underestimator)37131821 Pat (underestimator)810131519 Cary (overestimator)37131821 Minimal Group Paradigm Tajfel & Turner (1979)

24. According to Social Identity Theory People still show bias (discrimination/prejudice) even if: a) they are explicitly told that they are classified in an arbitrary way (e.g., coin toss) b) they are never at a personal advantage regardless of how they divide the points c) they never meet members of any of the groups

25. Social Identity Theory & Younger Sister Self-Categorization Theory – We categorize people into groups – We identify with our ingroup (the “we” aspect of the self- concept is our social identity) – We compare our ingroup with outgroups (us vs. them) – We are driven to have a positive and distinct social identity We like to see “us” as being better than “them” We like to see “us” as being different from “them”

26. Defining Biases Stereotypes: a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people. Prejudice: a negative attitude toward a group. Discrimination: unequal treatment of the group. French-Canadians are working class, eat well, emotional. I don’t like French Canadians. I won’t hire French Canadians.

27. Negative Stereotype: Members of Group A are dirty, hostile, lazy, …. leads to Prejudiced Attitude : I don’t like As leads to Discrimination: I prefer to avoid As, exclude them from good jobs, … The relationship between stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination

28. r =.25 r =.32* Stereotypes --------------------- Prejudice (attitude) --------------------- Discrimination r =.16 The relationship between stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination * Note that the prejudice-discrimination correlation looks very similar to more general attitude-behavior relationships.

29. Stereotypes Beliefs about the personal attributes of group members. Abstraction/Schematic Model According to this model, we maintain cognitive representations of social categories in which these categories are associated with specific characteristics and traits. For each of these characteristics, we have a central tendency (e.g., a mean) and a variance (e.g., standard deviation). Stereotyping Abstraction vs. Exemplar Models

30. Stereotyping Abstraction Models Americans Conservative x = 5 sd = 1.5 Outgoing x = 6 sd = 1.0 Violent x = 4 sd = 2.0

31. Exemplar Model According to this model, we have specific examples (i.e., exemplars) of people that we have encoded in our memory. If we have to give an evaluation of a group, than we retrieve our representations of these specific people and base our judgment on these exemplars. Stereotyping Abstraction vs. Exemplar Models

32. Stereotyping Exemplar Models Hawaiian Ukulele Player (not really similar - weight 2) - smart - 2 - nice - 6 - funny - 6 Tony Soprano (very similar - weight 7) - smart - 6 - nice - 1 - dangerous - 6 Uncle George from Buffalo (kinda similar – weight 5) - smart - 4 - nice - 4 - conservative - 7

33. Stereotyping Exemplar Models How smart is the guy on the street Ukulele Player – 2 (weight 2) Tony Soprano – 6 (weight 7) Uncle George – 4 (weight of 5) Stereotypic Expectation of how smart – 5 Can also estimate how nice, etc. in this same way

34. Abstraction Model - Online Retrieval According to this model, we adjust our estimates of variability and averages for characteristics related to the categories every time we meet a new member of the group. Online we update this representation. We keep an estimate of central tendency and variance of these category-trait associations in our memory and so when we need this estimate we simply retrieve it and use it. Online vs. Instance-Based Retrieval

35. Exemplar Model - Instance-Based Retrieval According to this model, we don’t maintain a running estimate of category-traits associations in our memory. If we need to make a judgment, we retrieve different exemplars from memory and on the basis of these exemplars we make an estimate the instant we need it. On-Line vs. Instance-Based Retrieval

36. So who is right? What are the processes related to stereotypic expectations associated with category members? Are Americans conservative? Do Albanians like sports? Are professors smart? Arrogant? Do professors have big feet? Stereotyping Abstraction vs. Exemplar Models

37. Stereotype Activation and Application Devine (1989) Do we always activate and use stereotypes when judging category members? – Study 1 – Automatic activation of stereotypes – Study 2 – Controlled application of stereotypes

38. Study 1 – Automatic Activation of Stereotypes Before starting the experiment, level of prejudice was measured with the Modern Racism Scale. Phase 1 – Participants were first subliminally primed (80 ms) with words related to Blacks (e.g., dark, poor) and nonBlack words (e.g., sentence, numbers). Their task was to identify if a flash was on the left or right side of screen. ½ participants - 80% of the words related to Blacks. ½ participants - 20% of the words related to Blacks None of the words were related to hostile/aggressive. Phase 2 – Participant next read the Donald Story – Asked to rate Donald on hostile/aggressive and neutral traits.

39. Study 1 – Automatic Activation of Stereotypes Extent of Black Priming 20%80% Ratings of Donald Hostile Traits6.97.5 Neutral Traits5.96.0 How do these results demonstrate stereotype activation? No difference between high prejudice and low prejudice people. Why is this process considered to be automatic?

40. Study 2 – Controlled Application of Stereotypes Before starting the experiment, level of prejudice was measured with the Modern Racism Scale. Participants were asked to write down different names for the category “Blacks.” Next, they had to write down their own personal associations with Blacks – these associations were coded as either traits or opinions/beliefs and as positive and negative. An example of a trait is “athletic” or “criminal.” An example of a belief is “Affirmative action is good.” or “Blacks cause many problems.”

41. Study 2 – Controlled Application of Stereotypes High Prejudice Participants BeliefsTraits Positive1.21.8 Negative1.23.3 Low Prejudice Participants BeliefsTraits Positive4.51.2 Negative1.21.0

42. Low PrejHigh Prej Activate Stereotypes (automatic) yes yes (Study 1) Apply Stereotypes (controlled) no yes (Study 2) * Why? Culture vs. Personal Beliefs * Everyone automatically activates cultural stereotypes but only those who are motivated (low prejudiced people) will inhibit those associations and replace them with their own personal beliefs. Stereotyping by High and Low Prejudiced People under Automatic and Controlled Processing Conditions

43. What is the continuum? How do we process others? categorization individuation attribute-based piece-meal Continuum Model of Impression Formation (Fiske & Neuberg, 1990)

44. Five important premises related to the model 1. Categorization is the default mode. The first fast process that occurs is the activation of a specific category. We form our impression based on this category. Visible categories - sex - race/ethnicity - age - SES (religion, sexuality) Continuum Model of Impression Formation

45. Five important premises related to the model 1. Categorization is the default mode. The first fast process that occurs is the activation of a specific category. 2. After, if we are motivated, we see whether the characteristics that are present fit the initial category. Continuum Model of Impression Formation

47. Is this person good at sports? Does this person like math? Does this person know much about popular music?

49. Does this person like to read? Is he aggressive? Does he support affirmative action programs?

51. Does this person like baking? Is she wild? Does she like small children? Is she offended by nude scenes on television?

52. Continuum Model of Impression Formation (Fiske & Neuberg, 1990) What is the continuum? How do we process others? categorization individuation attribute-based piece-meal

53. Five important premises related to the model 1. Categorization is the default mode. The first fast process that occurs is the activation of a specific category. 2. After if we are motivated, we see whether the characteristics that are present fit the initial category. 3. Where we end up on the continuum is determined by our attention to individual attributes. Continuum Model of Impression Formation

54. Five important premises related to the model 1. Categorization is the default mode. The first fast process that occurs is the activation of a specific category. 2. After if we are motivated, we see whether the characteristics that are present fit the initial category. 3. Where we end up on the continuum is determined by our attention to individual attributes. 4. Motivation is important for where we end up on the continuum. We can be motivated to categorize or individuate. Continuum Model of Impression Formation

55. Five important premises related to the model 1.Categorization is the default mode. The first fast process that occurs is the activation of a specific category. 2.After if we are motivated, we see whether the characteristics that are present fit the initial category. 3.Where we end up on the continuum is determined by our attention to individual attributes. 4.Motivation is important for where we end up on the continuum. 5.Motivation can also influence our attention and so the Motivation x Attention interaction is critical. Continuum Model of Impression Formation

56. Questions?

57. Prejudice A negative attitude toward a group. Modern Prejudice Measures vs. Implicit Prejudice Measures

58. Modern Racism Definition: Prejudice revealed in subtle, indirect ways because people have learned to hide prejudiced attitudes in order to avoid being labeled as racist. Rationalize prejudice according to other beliefs. Over the past few years the government and the media have shown more respect to Blacks than they deserve. It is easy to understand the anger of Black people in America. (R) Blacks are getting too demanding in their push for equal rights. Discrimination against Blacks is no longer a problem in Canada. (R)

59. unpleasant or BLACKS pleasant or WHITES Race Implicit Association Task (IAT)

60. If measured with Modern Racism Scale - NO If measured with IAT - YES Preference for Whites 70% (- 80%) Little or no preference 17% Preference for Blacks 12% Are We Prejudiced?

61. Aversive racists:  are fairly liberal  don’t think that they are prejudiced  think that equality and the status of minorities is important Who thinks that these items describe them?  also harbor negative feelings toward Blacks (hidden even from themselves) Who thinks that this item describes them? Aversive Racism Gaertner & Dovidio (1986)

62.  Because of these negative feelings, we discriminate when we get the chance. This does not have to be conscious but it does happen.  Importance of Situational Norms  If the possibility exists to act in negative ways toward Blacks without being perceived as prejudiced by others (or even the self), we will take advantage of this situation.  Difficult to Measure Aversive Racism Gaertner & Dovidio (1986)

63.  White subjects participate in a study with either another White person or a Black person.  Half way through the study, they hear that a number of chairs have fallen on the other person.  They think that they are the only person who has heard this accident or that other bystanders have also heard. Bystander Study of Aversive Racism

64. AloneOthers are present Victim Black Person 94% 38% White Person 81%75% Bystander Study of Aversive Racism In a situation with no clear social norms or in a situation where behavior can be easily explained in terms of nonracial factors, aversive racists will treat Blacks more poorly than Whites.

65. Son Hing, Chung-Yan, Zanna, & Hamilton (2008)  Measured Explicit Prejudice  Asian Modern Racism scale  conscious and deliberately reasoned evaluations of Asians  Measured Implicit Prejudice  Asian IAT  automatic evaluations of Asians that occur unintentionally and outside of awareness

66. Modern Racists (Truly High Prejudice) Aversive Racists Principled Conservatives Truly Low Prejudice Explicit Prejudice Low High Implicit Prejudice Low High Son Hing, Chung-Yan, Zanna, & Hamilton (2008)

67. Questions?

68. Discrimination: Unequal treatment of the group. Negative behaviour toward group members. Word, Zanna, & Cooper (1974) Self-fulfilling Prophecy Studies Correll, Park, Wittenbrink, & Judd (2002) Shooter Studies Discrimination

69. Study 1: Discrimination against Blacks  White Participants are the Interviewers  Independent variable Race of candidate: White or Black  Dependent variable Immediacy Interview Length Speech Error Rate of Interviewer Self-fulfilling Prophecy Studies Word, Zanna, & Cooper (1974)

70. Study 2: Self-Fulfilling Prophecies  White Participants are the Applicants  Independent variable White Interviewer: Immediate or Nonimmediate Behaviors  Dependent variable Ratings of applicant performance Applicants’ reciprocate behavior of Interviewer Applicants’ attitudes about the interview Self-fulfilling Prophecy Studies Word, Zanna, & Cooper (1974)

71. Study 1: White interviewers treat Blacks applicants in less immediate ways than White applicants. Study 2: When White applicants are treated in these less immediate ways (like Blacks were treated in Study 1), they perform worse, reciprocate these negative behaviors, and like the interviewer less than if treated in more immediate ways (like Whites were treated in Study 1). How do these studies demonstrate self-fulfilling prophecies? Self-fulfilling Prophecy Studies Word, Zanna, & Cooper (1974)

72. Participants are presented first with a background image, then a person (either Black or White) appears. The participants is instructed to:  press the shoot button asap if the person is holding a gun.  press the not shoot button asap if the person is holding something that is not a gun.  Show Demo Shooter Study Correll, Park, Wittenbrink, & Judd (2002)

73. Reaction Latencies White Targets Black Targets Armed Targets (Shoot)550 539 Unarmed Targets (Don’t Shoot) 607 620 Shooter Bias

74. Error Rates White Targets Black Targets Armed Targets (Shoot).76.49 (ns) Unarmed Targets (Don’t Shoot).33.65 Are these effects intentional? Are participants aware that they are making these types of responses? Shooter Bias

75. Discrimination: Unequal treatment of the group. Negative behaviour toward group members. Do we still discriminate? Is this still such a big problem? For Blacks? Women? Immigrants? Italians? Jews? Mexicans? Muslims? Russians? … In Canada? ABC Clip: True Colors https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YyL5EcAwB9c Discrimination

76. Janelle Jones University of London

77. If Racism Is So Prevalent - Why? Affective and Behavioral Responses to Racism Kawakami, Dunn, Karmali, & Dovidio (2009)

78. Imagine ….. (forecasters) vs. Actually Happens …. (experiencers)

79. Independent Variables Role Experiencer Forecaster Comment No Comment Moderately Racist Comment Extremely Racist Comment Affective and Behavioral Responses to Racism

80. Dependent Variables Affect – How upset? Partner Choice Affective and Behavioral Responses to Racism

81. Negative Emotional Distress Affective Responses 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 No CommentModerate Racist Comment Extreme Racist Comment Forecaster Experiencer

82. Percentage Chose White Partner Partner Choice 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 No CommentModerate Racist Comment Extreme Racist Comment Forecaster Experiencer

83. Summary Categorization and Social Identity Processes Stereotyping – Cognitive representations – Activation and application – Categorization processes Prejudice – Modern, Implicit Racism, Aversive racism Discrimination – Classic and New studies

84. Questions?

85. Next Class Altruism and Aggression Thursday, April 2, 2015 Reading material: Chapter 10: Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help? pp. 310- 337. Chapter 11: Aggression: Why We Hurt Other People, pp. 338- 371.