1. From European Colonialism to Independence and Beyond

2. Africa, 1835

3. Reasons for European Conquest of Africa Technological improvements in military equipment and medicine in the 1880s Who would be a great power? Rivalries between England and France after Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1871 Political instabilities in the secondary empires Discovery of gold on the Witswatersrand in South Africa in1884

4. Berlin Conference, 1884-1885

5. Export Crops Cotton Coffee Cocoa Rubber Tea Oil palm

6. Building of railway in the French Soudan

7. Railroads in Africa

8. Copperbelt, Zambia

9. South African mines

10. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa Producer of one commodity for export Poor infrastructure except around export economy Labor migration for colonial enterprises Increased power for senior men (but loss of legitimacy) Weakened power for women Limited social services for Africans (schools, health) Industrialization thwarted No agricultural revolution

11. Senegalese soldiers behind the Somme, Winter 1916-1917

12. Independent Africa

13. Frelimo poster