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Chapter 8, Section 4
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In the North, slavery continued to exist until the 1840s By 1860, nearly 4 million African Americans lived in slavery in the south The majority of southerners were not slave holders Southern economy depended on the labor of slaves The Lives of Enslaved African Americans
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Work was the dominant fact in the lives of slaves Men, women, and children were expected and forced to work whenever the slaveholder demanded it For most enslaved people, this meant every day of their lives Those who could not perform the tasks needed were of little use to slave holders A Life of Work
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Most enslaved people lived on farms or plantations in the south Cotton was the leading crop and was labor intensive Many slaves worked as: field hands, planting, tending, picking, processing, and loading cotton Other plantation slaves worked in the slaveholder’s house: cooking and cleaning Some were skilled artisans and worked as blacksmiths, bricklayers, and carpenters A Life of Work
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Some slaves worked in cities They worked in factories and mills, in offices, and in homes Some worked in mines or in the forest as lumberjacks A Life of Work
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Enslaved people lived, for the most part, in barely tolerable conditions Food, clothing, and shelter were typically inadequate Medical care was non existent Enslaved African Americans had no right under the law, which viewed them as property A Life of Want
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Many slaveholders treated their slaves relatively well Did so to make sure their slaves were loyal Did not make up for the fact they were holding another human as property Other slaveholders treated their slaves much harsher Punishments such as beating, whipping, starving and threatening family members to keep slaves obedient Many slaves were separated from their families Sold to different slaveholders A Life of Fear
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African Americans developed ways to survive and bring some light into their lives Religion: Combination of African and Christian beliefs provided hope for a better life after death Story telling Songs: provided inspiration and a brief respite from their hard lives A Life of Hope
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There were free blacks who lived in the South They had either been freed by their slaveholders or were free because their ancestors had been emancipated These men and women faced harsh legal and social discrimination Aided people in escaping slavery and spoke out for freedom Anti Slavery Movements in the South
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1776-1860 – 200 slave revolts and plots occurred in the US Nat Turner Rebellion in 1830 was the deadliest slave revolt Turner and 5 accomplices killed Turner’s slaveholder and his family Got 75 more followers and killed dozens more white people Local militia captured rebels and killed 20 Other white people killed about 100 other slaves suspected of sympathizing Slave Revolts
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Some slaves escaped Tried to reach the free states of the North or Canada or Mexico No one knows exactly how many escaped: possibly 40,000-100,000 Most that escaped were soon captured, but some made it to freedom Escape
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Underground Railroad: an informal, constantly changing network of escape routes Sympathetic white people and free blacks provided escapees with food, hiding places, and directions to their next destination Harriet Tubman was one of the famous workers on the Underground Railroad The Underground Railroad
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A campaign to abolish, or end, slavery Supporters were called abolitionists One of the largest reform movements of the Reform Era of the 1830s, 1840s, and 1850s The Abolition Movement
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Abolition movement was rooted in religion Quakers condemned slavery since colonial times Second Great Awakening contributed to the rise of the abolitionist movement Religious people saw slavery as morally wrong Religious Roots
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One of the most outspoken abolitionists from Philadelphia Wanted slavery to be abolished immediately Published an abolitionist newspaper called The Liberator Founded the American Anti-Slavery Society William Lloyd Garrison
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Women played a leading role in the campaign Sarah and Angelina Grimke – daughters of a South Carolina plantation owner Fought for the rights of slaves and the rights of women Frederick Douglass – fought for abolition and women’s rights. Escaped slavery at 20. Published the North Star Powerful speaker, intelligent and educated Leading Abolitionists
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To slaveholders, abolition was an outrage Seen as an attack on their livelihood, their way of life, and their religion Southern ministers attempted to justify slavery through the Bible Slaveholders and politicians said that slavery was essential to production of cotton and health of the economy (counted for 55% of the country’s exports) Support and tolerance of slavery in the north so free blacks do not take factory jobs Opposition to Abolition
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