1. The End of Reconstruction and the Origins of Jim Crow

2. Overview  Reconstruction: a review  The Compromise of 1877  The Emergence of Jim Crow  Reconstruction: a review  The Compromise of 1877  The Emergence of Jim Crow

3. 1. Reconstruction: A Review

4. What’s Reconstruction?  1865: Civil War ends; North wins  Two relationships to reconsider:  States vs. federal government  White Southerners vs. former slaves  1865: Civil War ends; North wins  Two relationships to reconsider:  States vs. federal government  White Southerners vs. former slaves

5. Presidential Reconstruction  Andrew Johnson (Lincoln’s VP)  Tennessee Democrat; supported slavery before Civil War  Philosophy: give power back to Southern states  Results:  States passed Black Codes (1865-1867)  Rise of the Ku Klux Klan (formed 1865)  Andrew Johnson (Lincoln’s VP)  Tennessee Democrat; supported slavery before Civil War  Philosophy: give power back to Southern states  Results:  States passed Black Codes (1865-1867)  Rise of the Ku Klux Klan (formed 1865)

6. Radical Reconstruction  Led by radical Republicans in Congress  Two key differences:  Gave more power to the federal government  Gave more rights to former slaves  Two key components:  Reconstruction Amendments  Enforcement Acts  Led by radical Republicans in Congress  Two key differences:  Gave more power to the federal government  Gave more rights to former slaves  Two key components:  Reconstruction Amendments  Enforcement Acts

7. The Reconstruction Amendments  13 th Amendment (1865): abolishes slavery  14 th Amendment (1868):  Guarantees citizenship to all persons born in the U.S.  Prohibits states from passing laws to take away a citizen’s rights  15 th Amendment (1870): grants black male citizens the right to vote  13 th Amendment (1865): abolishes slavery  14 th Amendment (1868):  Guarantees citizenship to all persons born in the U.S.  Prohibits states from passing laws to take away a citizen’s rights  15 th Amendment (1870): grants black male citizens the right to vote

8. The Enforcement Acts  Three laws, 1870-71  Protected civil rights granted to African Americans  Criminalized activities associated with the KKK  Enforced by federal troops  Three laws, 1870-71  Protected civil rights granted to African Americans  Criminalized activities associated with the KKK  Enforced by federal troops

9. Results of Reconstruction The Good  Citizenship rights  Political gains  Establishment of schools The Bad  No gains for women  Limited economic gains

10. 2. The Compromise of 1877

11. The Election of 1876  Rutherford Hayes (Republican) vs. Samuel J. Tilden (Democrat)  Final vote was disputed  Hayes and Tilden agreed on the Compromise of 1877:  Hayes would become president  Federal troops would withdraw from the South  Rutherford Hayes (Republican) vs. Samuel J. Tilden (Democrat)  Final vote was disputed  Hayes and Tilden agreed on the Compromise of 1877:  Hayes would become president  Federal troops would withdraw from the South

12. Results of the Compromise of 1877  Southern governments stopped protecting civil rights  Democrats returned to power in Southern states  Effectively ended Reconstruction  Beginning of Jim Crow  Southern governments stopped protecting civil rights  Democrats returned to power in Southern states  Effectively ended Reconstruction  Beginning of Jim Crow

13. 3. The Emergence of Jim Crow

14. Economic Inequality  Former slaves were uneducated and landless  Slavery replaced by sharecropping  Families borrowed plots of land and tools from landowners  Paid rent with a share of their crop  Former slaves were uneducated and landless  Slavery replaced by sharecropping  Families borrowed plots of land and tools from landowners  Paid rent with a share of their crop

15. Laws  Passed by states, cities, and towns  Segregation laws  Voting restrictions  Literacy tests  Poll taxes  Grandfather clauses  Passed by states, cities, and towns  Segregation laws  Voting restrictions  Literacy tests  Poll taxes  Grandfather clauses

16. Customs  Widespread stereotypes  Blacks expected to act inferior at all times  Some examples:  Names and titles  No social interaction as equals  Black men and white women kept apart  Widespread stereotypes  Blacks expected to act inferior at all times  Some examples:  Names and titles  No social interaction as equals  Black men and white women kept apart

17. Violence  Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist groups  Targeted blacks and white supporters of civil rights  Intimidation  Lynchings  Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist groups  Targeted blacks and white supporters of civil rights  Intimidation  Lynchings