1. Stoichiometry, Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield

2. How many grams of carbon dioxide will be produced when 11
How many grams of carbon dioxide will be produced when 11.6 g of butane (C4H10) burns with oxygen?
11.6 g ? g
2 C4H O  CO H2O
2 mole mole
11.6 g C4H10
1 mole C4H10 X
58.1 g C4H10
8 mole CO2 X
2 mole C4H10
44.0 g CO2
X =
1 mole CO2
35.1 g CO2

3. Excess/Limiting Reactants
The limiting reactant is the reactant present in the smallest stoichiometric amount
In other words, it’s the reactant you’ll run out of first!
The excess reactant will be left over after the reaction.

4. Limiting Reactants Example
a) 11.6 grams of magnesium react with 54.6 grams of nitric acid. Hydrogen and magnesium nitrate are produced. How many grams of hydrogen are produced?
11.6 g g x g
Mg HNO > H Mg(NO3)2

5. Method 1
Here are the 2 possible calculations (you really only need to do one of these):
1 mol Mg mol HNO g HNO3
11.6 g Mg X X X = g HNO3
24.3 g Mg mole Mg mole HNO3
We can’t use all the Mg – there’s not enough HNO3 to react OR
1 mole HNO3 1 mole Mg g Mg
54.6 g HNO3 X X X = g Mg
63.0 g HNO3 mole HNO3 mole Mg
If we use all the HNO3 we’ll still have Mg left over

6. ALWAYS USE THE LIMITING REACTANT TO FIND THE REQUIRED!
Method 1 cont.
ALWAYS USE THE LIMITING REACTANT TO FIND THE REQUIRED!
1 mole HNO mole H g H2
54.6 g HNO3 X X X = g H2
63.0 g HNO3 2 mole HNO mole H2

7. Method 2 AND The smaller answer is correct – 0.875g of H2 is formed.
HNO3 is the limiting reactant and Mg is the excess reactant
We know this because we used HNO3 to find the correct answer

8. 11.6g Mg – 10.5 g Mg = 1.1 g Mg is left over!
Part b…
How much magnesium is left over after the reaction?
(you may have already done the first step if you happened to do this calculation to find the limiting reactant in method 1)
1 mole HNO3 1 mole Mg g Mg
54.6 g HNO3 X X X = g Mg
63.0 g HNO3 mole HNO3 mole Mg
11.6g Mg – 10.5 g Mg = 1.1 g Mg is left over!

9. Theoretical Yield
The theoretical yield is the amount of product that can be made
This is what we calculate
The actual yield is the amount one actually produces and measures
Either measured in the lab or given in the problem

10. Percent Yield Actual Yield Theoretical Yield Percent Yield = x 100%
A comparison of the amount actually obtained to the amount it was possible to make
Actual Yield
Theoretical Yield
Percent Yield = x 100%