2. Benoit H. Mulsant, MD, MS, FRCPC Professor and Vice-Chair Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Physician in Chief Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Integration Models into Primary Health Care: the Example of Late-life Depression

3. At the conclusion of this session, the participants should be able to: 1.Assess the evidence supporting the efficacy of antidepressant medications in the treatment of late-life depression. 2.Assess the risks of antidepressant medications used in the treatment of late-life depression. 3.Maximize the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy when treating a patient with late-life depression in the primary care sector. Learning Objectives

5. Treating Late-Life Depression Fighting therapeutic nihilism One of the few medical conditions in which treatment can make a rapid and dramatic difference in an elderly patient’s level of function

6. Pinquart, Duberstein, & Lyness Treatments for later-life depressive conditions: a meta- analytic comparison of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy Am J Psych, 163(9):1493-501, 2006 Meta-analysis of 62 placebo-controlled studies (N = 3,921) Favorable outcomes: Drugs: 66% vs. Placebo: 31% “Available treatments for depression work, with effect sizes that are moderate to large…”

7. Outcome of Usual Care for Depressed Patients Treated by Well-Trained Psychiatrists Meyers et al (2002) Archives Gen Psych Six psychiatric clinics in Westchester County (USA) 165 patients with major depression 65% received an antidepressant 45% received an adequate dose for 4+ weeks (academic vs. non-academic sites: 53% vs. 36%, p =0.04) Remission rate after 3 months: 30% Adequate treatment: 3 fold higher likelihood of remission (OR = 3.2; p = 0.04)

8. Treating Late-Life Depression Closing the Efficacy-Effectiveness Gap 1.Systematic vs. personalized approach 2.Selecting a class and a specific agent 3.Optimal dose 4.Optimal trial duration 5.Management of treatment resistance

9. 1. Argument for a systematic approach (“algorithm”, “clinical pathways”, “stepped care”) vs. an individualized approach (“usual care”) 2.Defining one’s algorithm for late-life depression: What is your first-line intervention? Your second-line intervention? Your third-line intervention? How long should each step lasts? When do you switch? When do you augment? Outline

10. A Tale of Two Approaches Systematic Approach Based on best evidence or guidelines Clinical experience based on large number of patients Keeping the course: the clinician is protected against personal biases, pressures form the patient or family Focus is on the patient Usual Care Based on fad “du jour” Little cumulative experience due to small numbers of patients receiving many different medications Ill-advised or ill-timed changes in treatment Focus is on the treatment (making decisions is exhausting)

11. Two Examples of Randomized Comparisons for Stepped-Care for Late-Life Depression : 1. IMPACT (Unutzer et al, JAMA, 2002) 2. PROSPECT (Bruce et al, JAMA, 2004) Systematic Approach (algorithm, stepped care) vs. Individualized Approach (usual care)

12. PROSPECT: A Case Study DEPRESSIONSPECIALIST Physician Education Patient & Family Psycho-Education & Identification of Diagnosis TREATMENTALGORITHM

13. PROSPECT: Treatment Algorithm

14. Main Features of Treatment Algorithm Based on evidence and practice guideline Modified for the primary care office Use of psychopharmacological and psychosocial interventions Psychiatric consultation is offered in complex cases Covers acute and continuation/maintenance treatment Covers a wide range of syndromes ranging from mild to severe depression

15. PROSPECT Algorithm (1)

16. PROSPECT Algorithm (2)

17. PROSPECT: Results

18. PROSPECT: Cumulative Probability of Remission All comparisons: p < 0.001 Alexopoulos et al (2005) Am J Psych

19. PROSPECT: Probability of Being Treated All comparisons: p < 0.001 Alexopoulos et al (2009) Am J Psych

20. Psychoeducation is Essential for Successful Antidepressant Treatment Address the patient’s personal illness model It takes 2-6 weeks to show beneficial effects Side effects occur right away Patients must be encouraged and supported to be take dose regularly as prescribed Reassure that side effects usually wear off Need for continuation and maintenance treatment Mulsant et al (2003) CNS Spectrum; 8: 27-34

21. Response Rates in 13 Studies of Treatment- Resistant Late-Life Depression Cooper et al (2011) Am J Psych; 168: 681-688

23. 1. Argument for a systematic approach (“algorithm”, “clinical pathways”, “stepped care”) vs. an individualized approach (“usual care”) 2.Defining one’s algorithm for late-life depression: What is your first-line intervention? Your second-line intervention? Your third-line intervention? How long should each step lasts? When do you switch? When do you augment? Outline

24. Efficacy Tolerability Safety Cost Possible Criteria for Choosing an Antidepressants for an Older Adult

25. Response Rates (%) in Eight Published Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials 1. Tollefson et al (1995) Int Psychogeriatrics; 7:89–104 – 2. Schneider et al (2003) Am J Psych; 160:1277-85 – 3. Rapaport et al (2003) J Clin Psych; 64:1065–74 – 4. Roose et al (2004) Am J Psych; 161:2050-9 – 5. Kasper et al (2005) Am J Geri Psych; 13:884-91 – 6. Schatzberg & Roose (2006) Am J Geri Psych; 14:361-70 – 7. Bose et al. (2008) Am J Geri Psych; 16:14-20 – 8. Raskin et al (2007) Am J Psychiatry; 164:900-9 * * * *

26. Fluoxetine in the treatment of late-life depression Marked site variability in remission rates Small et al (1996) Int J Geri Psych; 11:1089-95

27. Citalopram in the treatment of depression in the very old Marked site variability in response and remission rates Roose et al (2004) Am J Psych; 161:2050-9

28. Efficacy Tolerability Safety Cost Possible Criteria for Choosing an Antidepressants for an Older Adult

29. Discontinuation Rates (%) Attributed to Adverse Effects in Eight RpCTs 1. Tollefson et al (1995) Int Psychogeriatr; 7:89–104 – 2. Schneider et al (2003) Am J Psych; 160:1277-85 – 3. Rapaport et al (2003) J Clin Psych; 64:1065–74 – 4. Roose et al (2004) Am J Psych; 161:2050-9 – 5. Kasper et al (2005) Am J Geri Psych;13:884-91 – 6. Schatzberg & Roose (2006). Am J Geriatr Psychiatry; 14:361370 - 7. Bose et al. (2008) Am J Geriatr Psychiatry; 16:14-20 – 8. Raskin et al (2007) Am J Psychiatry; 164:900-9 * * ** *

30. Overall Discontinuation Rates (%) in Eight RpCTs 1. Tollefson et al (1995) Int Psychogeriatr; 7:89–104 – 2. Schneider et al (2003) Am J Psych; 160:1277-85 – 3. Rapaport et al (2003) J Clin Psych; 64:1065–74 – 4. Roose et al (2004) Am J Psych; 161:2050-9 – 5. Kasper et al (2005) Am J Geri Psych;13:884-91 – 6. Schatzberg & Roose (2006). Am J Geri Psych; 14:361-70 -- 7. Bose et al. (2008) Am J Geri Psych; 16:14-20 – 8. Raskin et al (2007) Am J Psychiatry; 164:900-9 *

31. Role of newer antidepressants? Escitalopram Desvenlafaxine Duloxetine Role of atypical antipsychotics? Quetiapine XR Aripiprazole New Safety Concerns Venlafaxine Citalopram & Escitalopram Atypical antipsychotics What is new since 2001?

32. Response Rates (%): Older vs. Newer Medications * * * * * 1. Tollefson et al (1995) Int Psychogeriatrics; 7:89–104 – 2. Schneider et al (2003) Am J Psych; 160:1277-85 – 3. Rapaport et al (2003) J Clin Psych; 64:1065–74 – 5. Kasper et al (2005) Am J Geri Psych;13:884-91 – 7. Bose et al. (2008) Am J Geri Psych; 16:14-20 – 8. Raskin et al (2007) Am J Psych; 164:900-9 – 9. Katila et al (2012) Am J Geri Psych

33. Discontinuation Rates Attributed to Adverse Effects: Older vs. Newer Medications 1. Tollefson et al (1995) Int Psychogeriatrics; 7:89–104 – 2. Schneider et al (2003) Am J Psych; 160:1277-85 – 3. Rapaport et al (2003) J Clin Psych; 64:1065–74 – 5. Kasper et al (2005) Am J Geri Psych;13:884-91 – 7. Bose et al. (2008) Am J Geri Psych; 16:14-20 – 8. Raskin et al (2007) Am J Psych; 164:900-9 – 9. Katila et al (2012) Am J Geri Psych

34. Role of newer antidepressants? Escitalopram Desvenlafaxine Duloxetine Role of atypical antipsychotics? QuetiapineAripiprazole New Safety Concerns Venlafaxine Citalopram & Escitalopram Atypical antipsychotics What is new since 2001?

35. Ray WA et al (2009) New England Journal of Medicine; 360:225-35 Atypical Antipsychotics and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death Among Patients of All Age

36. Role of newer antidepressants? Escitalopram Desvenlafaxine Duloxetine Role of atypical antipsychotics? QuetiapineAripiprazole New Safety Concerns Venlafaxine Citalopram & Escitalopram Atypical antipsychotics What is new since 2001?

37. Antidepressants for the Older Adult Potential Safety Concerns Drug-drug interactions 1 Hyponatremia 2 Falls 3,4 Hip fractures 5,6 GI bleeds 7 Cardiovascular effects,8,9 Cognitive impairment 10,11,12 Suicide 13 Bone metabolism 14, 15 1. Mulsant & Pollock, BG (2004). American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Geriatric Psychiatry, 3rd Edition – 2. Fabian et al (2004) Arch Int Med; 164:327-32 – 3. Joo et al (2002) J Clin Psych; 63:936-41 – 4. Thapa et al (1998) NEJM; 339:875-82 – 5. Liu et al (1998) Lancet;351:1303-7 – 6. Richards et al (2007) Arch Int Med; 167:188-95 – 7. Yuan et al (2006) Am J Med; 119:719-27 – 8. Johnson et al (2006) Am J Geri Psych; 14:796-802 – 9. Oslin et al (2003) J Clin Psych; 64:875–882 – 10. Furlan et al (2001) Am J Geri Psych; 9:429-38 – 11. Ridout et al (2003) Hum Psychopharm; 18:261 – 12. Wingen et al (2005) J Clin Psych; 66:436-43 – 13. Jurlink et al (2006) Am J Psych;163:813-21 – 14. Diem et al (2007) Arch Intern Med; 167:1240-5 – 15: Richards et al (2007) Arch Intern Med 167:188–94

38. Discontinuation due to Adverse Events: 51% augmentation v. 8% switching Falls: 42% augmentation v. 24% switching Whyte et al (2004) J. Clin Psych; 65: 1634-1641 Augmentation v. Switching Tolerability and Safety

39. Conclusions: Late-Life Depression Can be effectively treated Success requires a systematic approach Success requires persistence DO NOT GIVE UP!

41. Questions and Discussion