2. Infrastructure and development planning Sectoral specialization of government agencies affects process of identifying development projects (planning system) where cross- sectoral dependencies are not properly integrated – Examples: Land use and transport are separately planned Infrastructure development for different transport modes that does not consider modal competition

3. Infrastructure and development planning Research needs: – How to effectively monitor and coordinate these dependencies to make optimal allocation and use of available resources? – E.g. For urban transportation systems, how (principles and strategies) to improve the allocation of resources among the different transportation modes to develop the “economic best” multi-modal transportation system. – How to reform the project planning and implementation system?

4. Public Private Partnerships Challenges to PPPs in developing countries include: – Low ability to pay of citizens – Governments lack capacity to properly evaluate alternative PPP arrangements or PPP vs. Direct government implementation – Weak/poor integration of PPP into the overall project planning and implementation system Resulting in projects that are expensive and do not fit well into the national development strategy Government resources are tied up with “bad” projects Research need: Identifying PPP “formulas” that work and have best chance to deliver intended results

5. Institutional Reformation Difficulty in doing institutional reforms – Due to politics-led decision making – Weaknesses in system of accountability – Scope of regulatory capture (the one that needs to be reformed is the one that decides if and how to reform) Research Need: How best to push reform under current situation?

6. Public Transport Run by Small Scale Private Operators Public transport is run by private entities without government support – Small scale operations with limited scale economy – Subjected to fare regulation because of low ability to pay of riding public – Operating cost minimization is affecting quality of service – maintenance effort is low (Roadworthiness and therefore safety is affected. Emissions are excessive and harm environment) Research needs: – How to get governments to take a more proactive role is managing public services or providing necessary subsidy? – How to create systems to shift these operators to new and cleaner vehicle technologies?

7. Second-hand Vehicles Second-hand vehicles are being disposed by developed nations to growing developing nations. – These developing countries are ill prepared to deal with the environmental issues – The reason for using 2 nd -hand vehicles is their lower cost (while environmental impacts remain externalities) Research needs: – How to encourage developed nations to share their newer technology at competitive prices? (Possible use of carbon trading or other mechanism?) – How to prevent a collapse of prices in the 2 nd hand markets within these developed countries