1. Hormones that affect energy metabolism © Michael Palmer 2014

2. Langerhans’ islets in the pancreas produce insulin and glucagon © Michael Palmer 2014

3. A little bit of history: The purification of insulin— the problem © Michael Palmer 2014

4. The purification of insulin—Banting’s solution © Michael Palmer 2014

5. Historical side note: Norman Bethune, Banting’s famous classmate © Michael Palmer 2014

6. Structure of insulin and its precursors (1) © Michael Palmer 2014

7. Structure of insulin and its precursors (2) © Michael Palmer 2014

8. Sequences of human, swine, and bovine insulins © Michael Palmer 2014

9. Insulin secretion in the β-cell is controlled by glucose and triggered by membrane depolarization © Michael Palmer 2014

10. The sulfonylurea receptor controls an associated potassium channel © Michael Palmer 2014

11. K ATP channels also regulate the tone of smooth muscle cells © Michael Palmer 2014

12. Tolbutamide promotes closing of the K ATP channel © Michael Palmer 2014

13. The insulin receptor is a receptor tyrosine kinase © Michael Palmer 2014

14. Insulin receptor first phosphorylates itself and then a number of insulin receptor substrate proteins © Michael Palmer 2014

15. Insulin effects on glycogen synthesis © Michael Palmer 2014

16. The role of insulin in glucose transport © Michael Palmer 2014

17. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the surface exposure of GLUT 4 transporters © Michael Palmer 2014

18. Transcriptional regulation by insulin © Michael Palmer 2014

19. Other hormones © Michael Palmer 2014

20. Glucagon and epinephrine act via G-protein- coupled receptors © Michael Palmer 2014

21. The glucagon and epinephrine receptors activate adenylate cyclase and protein kinase A © Michael Palmer 2014

22. Metabolic effects of protein kinase A © Michael Palmer 2014

23. Glucocorticoids and thyroid hormones act on nuclear hormone receptors to activate transcription © Michael Palmer 2014

24. DNA binding by thyroid hormone receptors © Michael Palmer 2014

25. Metabolic effects of glucocorticoid hormones ● induction of enzymes for glycogen synthesis, glycogen breakdown, and gluconeogenesis ● induction of enzymes for protein breakdown, supplying substrates for gluconeogenesis ● induction of adrenergic receptors …overall, glucocorticoids increase blood glucose

26. Glucocorticoid receptor agonists and antagonists © Michael Palmer 2014

27. Control of food intake by leptin © Michael Palmer 2014