1. BY: KAITLYN KUTSCH RYAN MCCARTY ELISABETH MESINA MORGAN THOMALLA BLADE WESTABY Psychoanalytical/ Psychodynamic Model

2. Origins of Psychoanalytic Theory  Formulated by Sigmund Freud in the 1890s  Freud was a neurologist who tried to find effective treatments for those who showed hysterical or neurotic symptoms  Saw that some mental processes were unconscious

3. Normalcy A normal childhood Can repress aggression Making repressed knowledge conscious A balance between the id, ego, and superego  Id-innate sexual and aggressive drives  Ego- conscious part of the brain that mediates between reality and unconscious  Superego- controls primitive impulses of the id; moral ideals

4. Causation of Psychopathology?  Problems in Development of Psyche  Imbalance among instinct (id), reason (ego) and morality (superego)  Inadequate Coping Mechanisms(Defenses)  Sometimes unconscious motives and drives  Unresolved conflicts from certain phases of childhood and adolescence, caused by fantasy, stemming from their own drives

5. Psychopathology Stems from childhood  Aggression and mental tensions caused by repression Imbalance of the id, ego, and superego direct result of psychodynamic conflicts that cannot be dealt with appropriately by the defense mechanism

6. Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic Methods The past shapes the present. Belief in the importance of the unconscious. Attempt to understand the origin of actions. Primary focus on relationships between the person and others.

7. Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic Methods cont. Example in real life experiment. Methods: A psychodynamic oriented treatment to a patient with deep depression and obsessive- compulsive disorder. Results: His obsessive beliefs, depressive symptoms and social function were all somewhat better.

8. Methods to Treat or Reduce Psychopathology Talk Therapy  Therapist listens to and watches the patient closely  Makes inferences based on observations  Makes decisions about when to listen or ask questions Free association  Technique used to allow patients to freely express their thoughts and feelings during sessions

9. Methods to Treat or Reduce Psychopathology Continued Talk therapies focus on the importance of:  past (early childhood) experiences  the subconscious In order to correct abnormal behaviors these therapies try to:  “make the unconscious conscious”  understand current behaviors from past experiences

10. Study 1 A meta-analysis of psychodynamic psychotherapy outcomes: Evaluating the effects of research- specific procedures.  Town J, Diener M, Abbass A, Leichsenring F, Driessen E, Rabung S. To examine the extent to which psychodynamic therapy impacts the effectiveness of treatment Therapeutic gains may be maintained through the use of the psychodynamic approach but may also improved.

11. Study 2 Change in cognitive errors and coping over the course of brief psychodynamic intervention.  Kramer, U., de Roten, Y., Drapeau, M., & Despland, J. Studied that change in cognition over the course of psychodynamic psychotherapy Results showed a change in coping and cognitive errors in patients. Showed an increase in overall coping function and a decrease in unhelpful processes