1. Evolution
A population changes over time

2. Charles Darwin ( )

3. A. Published Origin of Species in 1859

4. - 22 years old, HMS Beagle
- Voyage of 5 years

5. 2. Galapagos Islands

6. B. Darwin’s Influences 1. Lamarck (early 1800s)
i. Believed that
animals
change over
time-
contrary to
popular
belief!
At least he sees that organisms change- gets a bad rap
If you cut a mouse tail off children will still have tail- not changing the genes
Characteristics gained after birth – cannot be passed on through reproduction
ii. Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics:
characteristics can be gained through use and passed on to offspring

7. Kayan “giraffe” women
Mountains between Burma and Thailand. Kayan women
“Giraffe women”
Part of Kayan beauty culture

8. Traits Must be Genetic to Pass On!
You cannot “ force” yourself to have a characteristics
Example #1: You cannot force yourself to be
lactose tolerant
Example #2: Bacteria CANNOT acquire
resistance to antibiotics
Note: New traits cannot be created during your
lifetime
Only genes can be passed on

9. 2. Lyell
HISTORY OF THE EARTH CALENDER is 4.5 Billion years old
The other idea was that Earth itself is less than 10,000
Lyell proposed that gradual and observable geologic processes such as erosion could explain the physical features of today's Earth.
thousands or millions of years
Previously, idea was that Earth itself is less than 10,000 years old
Proposed that gradual and observable geologic processes such as erosion could explain the physical features of today's Earth taking place over thousands or millions of years

10. i. Earth 4.5 billion years old
3.5 billion years first life (single celled)
Earth 4.5 billion years old
3.5 billion years first life ( single celled)

11. C. Fossils: found on Darwin’s trip.
Shows earth is old – there is enough time for descent with modification to occur
Shows earth is old – there is enough time for descent with modification to occur

12. II. Darwin’s Finches
A. Biogeography- geographic distribution of life forms
Galapagos Islands- Volcanic islands off the coast of South America
1. Species were slightly different than the ones on the mainland
C. Finches- different beaks depending on the food available
i. Cactus-eating finch:more point beak
ii. Insect-eating finch: sharp ( trees)
iii. Types of seeds
D. All descended from one mainland Finch
DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION from a
COMMON ANCESTOR

17. VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=flDL2ZQtK8I
LINK attached
VIDEO:

20. The Galápagos tortoise or Galápagos giant tortoise the largest living species of tortoise and 10th-heaviest living reptile, reaching weights of over 400 kg (880 lb) and lengths of over 1.8 meters (5.9 ft). shell size and shape vary between populations- humidity, dryness ect
The Galápagos tortoise or Galápagos giant tortoise the largest living species of tortoise and 10th-heaviest living reptile, reaching weights of over 400 kg (880 lb) and lengths of over 1.8 meters (5.9 ft). Shell size and shape vary between populations- humidity, dryness etc.

21. Only swimming marine iguana

22. Galapagos Land Iguana

23. Blue Footed Boobie
blue feet and dancing to impress the female.mating ritual
Bblue feet and dancing to impress the female.mating ritual

25. Frigatebird- Do this to distract others and take their prey

28. III. Natural Selection Definition: mechanism for evolutionary change
Components:
Inherited variations:
Mutations- changes in DNA
Meiosis
Struggle for existence
Adaptations (traits that help an organism be more suited to the environment) increase survival and reproductive success
Reproduction- Genes for adaptations increase in each generation – (Fitness- reproductive success)
LACKS DIRECTION – if environment change- not going towards a “BEST”
Extinction- previous adaptations are no longer suitable to changed environment

29. IV. Artificial Selection
Breeder choices which traits to perpetuate ( dogs descended from wolves)
Canis familiaris comes from canis lupis domesticated 14, 000 years ago
Natural selection would never have selected dogs with long ears ( ear infetions)
Breeder choices which traits to perpetuate (dogs descended from wolves).
Canis familiaris comes from Canis lupis domesticated 14,000 years ago.

31. The result of Natural Selection is a population adapted to the local environment

32. Evidence for Evolution
A. Fossils
B. Biogeographical
C. Anatomical
D. Biochemical
E. Embryology
F. Examples- Antibiotic

33. Fossils

34. 8 million years ago humans chimpanzees : dozen human-like species called hominids
The modern form of Homo sapiens first appeared about 100,000 years ago.
This species is distinguished by large brain size, mouth not as protruding. Begin with bipedal ancestor- skulls begin when humans began to walk on two feet

35. Lucy, after the Beatles song "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds", which was being played loudly and repeatedly on a tape recorder in the camp.[3]

36. “Lucy”
3.2 million year old hominid fossil
Australopithecus afarensis
Significant because skeleton shows evidence of small skull capacity like that of apes and of upright bipedal posture like humans

37. B. Biogeography
A mammal of an order (Marsupialia) whose members are born incompletely developed and are typically carried and suckled

38. C. Anatomical Evidence
1. Homologous Structure: Structures that are similar because they are inherited from a common ancestor

39. C. Anatomical Evidence
2. Analogous Structures: features are similar in function but not in structure. They do not derive from a recent common ancestor but in response to a similar environment.

40. ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES

41. C. Anatomical Evidence
3. Vestigial structures: no longer have function. occur because organism inherit anatomy from their ancestors.
Examples: Some snakes have small hindlimbs
Humans: Appendix, wisdom teeth, tail bone

42. THE APPENDIX VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE
we can’t digest cellulose (in leaves, barks of trees
VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE

44. KOALA

45. EUCALYPTUS

46. D. Biochemical
Living organisms use DNA, and many identical enzymes (same 20 amino acids)
Degree of similarity of DNA sequence or amino acid structure based on how closely related

47. E. Embryology ( Development)
1. Embryos of closely related organisms
often have similar stages in
development.