1. Limestone

3. Limestone scenery Attermire scar, north Yorkshire
Scars and plateau
Limestone scenery Attermire scar, north Yorkshire

5. Plateau

6. Limestone pavement
Malham, Yorkshire

8. Malham, Yorkshire

9. Clints and Grykes

10. FORMATION OF LIMESTONE PAVEMENTS

11. Swallow holes

13. Underground features
Underground features

17. Re-appearance stream
Malham cove

18. Malham cove

19. Dry Valley
WATLOWES VALLEY, MALHAMDALE

20. GORDALE SCAR, nr Malham, Yorkshire

21. Dry Valley, Castleton, Derbyshire, Peak District National Park

23. Italian Limestone- the Dolomites

24. Capri

25. Australian limestone

26. Jenolan Caves
Just 30km from Oberon, has the most spectacular and best-known Limestone caves in Australia

28. caigana Blow hole nullarbor Australia

29. Limestone in Thailand

31. Limestone in Pang Nga A Famous mark in Pang Nga, deptly named Kui Lin of Thailand

32. Label the diagram of Limestone features
1 Limestone pavement Stalagmite
2 Scarr Pillar
3 Scree Swallow hole
4 Reappearance stream Well jointed rock
5 Cavern Pot hole
6 Stalactite Clints and Grykes
Choose from
Cavern, Scar, Stalagmite,
Limestone plateau,
reappearance stream, pot hole,
Stalactite, scree, pillar,
Swalow hole, clints and grykes,
well jointed rock

33. Clints and Grykes Grykes Clints Label the diagram
Describe the main properties of
carboniferous limestone
A hard white or grey rock. It is pervious but not porous.
It is well jointed. It dissolves in weak acid (rain water)
2. Which UK National parks are dominated by limestone scenery?
Yorkshire dales and Peak district
Describe a carboniferous limestone area.
High plateau’s dissected by deep valleys. There is very little vegetation on the high plateau’s
and there is exposed limestone pavement. On the edges of the plateau are scarrs (cliffs).
At the bottom of these are scree slopes. The valleys are either dry gorges or have rivers
running in them. The vegetation is lush around the rivers.

34. Limestone – Peak district
Swallow hole
Label the diagram
Cave
Dry river bed
Boulder clay
Dry gorge
Shake holes
Re-appearance stream
Impervious
rock
Pavement
Limestone
Impervious rock
Definitions
Boulder clay Dumped by ice during the ice age
Shake holes Boulder clay sinks into hollows as limestone dissolved away
Dry Gorge Formed by meltwater at end of last ice age
Dry river bed Left as the river changes course in the valley floor
Rising/ reappearance stream Stream re-appears at the surface
Sink hole/ swallow hole Stream disappears down a crack in the limestone

35. Underground features
Label the diagram
Acid rain
Abrasive
stream
action
percolation
Dissolving
action
Dripping
action

36. Ingleton Mapwork: Limestone scenery
What evidence is there that this is a limestone area?
2. Find and give grid references for the following:
3 pot holes (look for words ‘hole’ or ‘pot’
2 disappearing streams
4 scars (limestone cliffs)
2 limestone pavements (look for rocky outcrops –check map key)
Describe the relief and drainage of this area of map 80 72
What facilities have been provided for tourists and/ or visitors in the area
covered by the map (give map evidence)
5. Suggest why tourists and visitors are attracted here.

37. Relief
Drainage

38. Limestone Features
Complete the features from the board
Limestone pavement
Underground tunnels and caves

39. Re-appearance stream
Stalactites and stalagmites

40. Dry valleys and gorges
Theory 1
At the end of the last ice age all the cracks and joints in the limestone were
filled with frozen water.
This prevented water passing through the limestone.
At this time the melting glaciers produced lots of water which passed over the
landscape eroding deep river valleys .
As the temperatures continued to rise the underground water melted, which
meant surface water could pass through the cracks and joints in the limestone.
This left the valleys as dry valleys.
Theory 2
The roof on a series of underground caves collapses and leaves a gorge.

43. Summary of Peak district features
Complete the diagram from the power point
‘White Peak’
‘Dark Peak’
Sheep
grazing
Crags
(edges)
Desolate rolling
moorland
Treeless rolling
Plateau dissected
By gorges
Deep narrow
gorges
Limestone
pavement
Peat bog
Peat bog
Dry stone walls
Hard
millstone
limestone
Dairying
Underground caves
and caverns
Limestone
shale

46. Complete the grid Climate and veg Soils/ physical features Land use
High plateau
Exposed rock and limestone pavement.
Very little vegetation.
Not a severe climate as it is not that high
Thin soils. Flat topped
Pot hole/ shake holes
Disappearing streams
Limestone pavement
Recreation (walking, pot holing, mountain biking)
Plateau edges
Less exposed not very much veg because of the thin soils
Steep cliffs on the edges of the plateau called scars with large scree slopes.
Thin soils
Climbing and abseiling, hang gliding).
Water storage in the Dark Peak
Quarrying
Lower slopes valley floor
Warmer and less harsh climate.
Deciduous woodland, Oak and Beech but has mainly been cut down now.
Rivers cut through the limestone plateaus where the rock is impermeable
The soil either side of the rivers is rich and fertile.
Streams reappear where impermeable rock begins
Farming (sheep in the Dark Peak and dairying in the Light Peak).
Water sports on the rivers
Settlement and communication links.
Sight seeing in towns e.g. Castleton
Complete
the grid

47. Peak district-opportunities and conflicts

48. White Peak

49. Dark Peak

50. Mining - Tunstead Quarry
Largest quarry in Europe, straddles the park boundary
Limestone is the main mineral extraction
Extensions to the quarry have been resisted by the park authorities
Hope Valley cement works provides 700 jobs
Mining employs about 10% of the population of the peak district

51. Farming Sheep rearing on the hills of the Dark Peak
Dairying in the valleys of the White Peak (sheep on the hills)
Moorlands are managed by burning the heather to maintain
Grouse numbers for shooting

52. Water storage
Water storage only in the impermeable rock of the Dark peak
Good water retaining quality of the Peat
High rainfall
Close to major urban areas e.g. Manchester, Sheffield, Leeds
E.G. Derwent reservoir and ladybower reservoir

53. Recreation and tourism
1/3 of the park is moorland. They provide some of the
finest grouse shooting in the country
The moors have to close for a few days a year during
the shooting season
Moorlands are managed by burning the heather to maintain
Grouse numbers for shooting

54. Recreation and sightseeing
Walking most popular activity
Old railway lines used e.g. High peak and Tissington and Monsul trails
Cycling along the Tissington and High peak trails
Pennine way (Britains longest distance walk) starts in the Peak district
Pony treking
Hang gliding
Climbing on the grit stone edges
Sightseeing in towns like Castleton
Tourist caves – e.g. Blue John Mine

55. Woodland Coniferous forest owned by forestry commission is in and
around the reservoirs e.g. Snake valley,
Goyt valley.
Broadleaf woodland mainly on private land

56. Archaeology 3500 sites dating from 1500 AD
Stone age chambered tombs e.g. Taddington
Castles e.g. Peveril castle
Early industrial remains of textile Mills

57. Settlement and communication
Settlement built on flat land - Castleton
Roads and railways built through lowlands and valleys e.g. A57
Small towns built up around bridging points
Villages and isolated farms spread throughout the landscape

58. Conservation Northern limit of Southern species and
Southern limit of Northern species
Many areas are SSSI’s e.g. Bleaklow and Kinder Scout
Over 800 listed buildings
Conservation of footpaths and
dry stone walls important
Underground features

59. Development opportunities
1. Complete the Diagram from the Resource sheet and slides
Development opportunity
Example
Mining
Farming
Recreation/ sightseeing
Water storage
Settlement and communication
Archaeology
Conservation

60. Quarrying and farmers
Crops (grass) does not grow as well as it is covered in dust
Animals scared by blasting
Animals scared by noise of trucks
Quarrying and tourists
Noise pollution effecting quiet scenery (blasting and trucks)
Air pollution from dust
Air pollution from trucks
Trucks block roads and cause traffic tail backs
Causes an ugly scar on the landscape

61. Tourists and conservationists - footpaths
10,000s of walkers each year erode the footpaths and cause scarring
Major erosion on Bleaklow and Kinder Scout
Paths are closed in order to be reseeded
Pennine Way is attempted by about 10,000 walkers each year
Tourists and conservationists – traffic (Goyt Valley)
Heavy traffic pressure especially at weekends
Soil erosion, litter, damage to vegetation, damage to fences
Solution – park and ride scheme at W/Es
Car parks provided at either end. Only cyclists, pony trekkers, walkers allowed
Picnic sites provided at main car parks and only one in valley itself

62. Tourists and farmers
Leaving gates open and letting animals escape
Leaving litter that animals eat
Climbing over walls and fences and breaking them
Taking short cuts through fields
Letting dogs off leads that chase the sheep
parking at field entrances
Accidental fires
Conservationists and farmers
over grazing on heather moorlands causing soil erosion

63. Water storage and tourists
Over 50 reservoirs built in the area
Access traditionally limited
Now 11 reservoirs open for fishing and 5 available
for sailing and canoeing e.g. Carsington, Rudyard
and Errwood reservoirs
Planning permission for sailing on Ladybower reservoir
was turned down because of concerns over the rare ducks
nesting there
Zoning of the reservoir has helped overcome incompatible users

64. Land use conflicts
The Peak district is the busiest of all the national parks. There are many potential conflicts in the area.
Usually these are overcome by negotiated agreement on access between all the land users. From reading
the information and watching the slides write down the main conflicts under the following headings.
From reading the resource sheet and watching the power point write down the main conflicts under the following headings :
The people involved
The conflict with examples
Quarrying and Farmers
Quarrying and tourists
Tourists and conservationists (footpaths)
Tourists and Farmers
Water storage and tourists
Tourists and conservationists (traffic)