1. Rainfall interception http://www.cp34-smos.icm.csic.es/smos_mission/motivation_of_the_mission.htm

2. Rainfall interception Rainfall which is intercepted by and evaporated from plant canopies or plant residue

3. http://www.treehugger.com/20091016-nasturtium-water-droplets.jpg

4. Source: http://wildplantspost.blogspot.com/2009/10/canopy-interception-and-dispersed.html http://wildplantspost.blogspot.com/2009/10/canopy-interception-and-dispersed.html

5. Sources: http://versicolor.ca/lawns/secC3.html http://versicolor.ca/lawns/secC3.html

6. Source: http://www.livescience.com/10109-world-rainforests-act-rain-collecting-umbrellas.html http://www.livescience.com/10109-world-rainforests-act-rain-collecting-umbrellas.html

7. Pidwirny, M. (2006). "Interception, Stemflow, Canopy Drip, and Throughfall". Fundamentals of Physical Geography, 2nd Edition. Aug. 25, 2009. http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8k.html

8. Source: http://danr.ucop.edu/uccelr/FTSHT36.pdf http://danr.ucop.edu/uccelr/FTSHT36.pdf

9. Thurow, T.L., W.H. Blackburn, S.D. Warren, and C.A. Taylor, Jr. 1987. Rainfall interception by midgrass, shortgrass, and live oak mottes. Journal of Range Management 40:455-460.

10. Factors affecting interception Vegetation Characteristics Individual levelWatershed Level SpeciesCanopy density and closure Canopy densitySpecies mix Leaf areaPresence of absence of understory Seasonal Characteristics Leaf surface and bark roughness

11. Annual rainfall interception for various rangeland vegetation types in Texas Cover typeEstimated interception loss (% of precipitation) Curleymesquite (canopy only)11 Sideoats gramma (canopy only)18 Live oak mottes (canopy and residue)46 Thurow, T.L., W.H. Blackburn, S.D. Warren, and C.A. Taylor, Jr. 1987. Rainfall interception by midgrass, shortgrass, and live oak mottes. Journal of Range Management 40:455-460.

12. Effect of cover type on rainfall interception Cover typeInterception storage capacity (% of dry weight) Sideoats gramma81 Curleymesquite114 Live oak litter210 Thurow, T.L., W.H. Blackburn, S.D. Warren, and C.A. Taylor, Jr. 1987. Rainfall interception by midgrass, shortgrass, and live oak mottes. Journal of Range Management 40:455-460.

13. Effect of biomass and ground cover on rainfall interception Cover typeBiomass (kg ha -1 ) Ground cover (%) Interception storage capacity (mm) Curleymesquite1,490561.0 Sideoats gramma3,640621.8 Live oak litter41,300~1008.7 Thurow, T.L., W.H. Blackburn, S.D. Warren, and C.A. Taylor, Jr. 1987. Rainfall interception by midgrass, shortgrass, and live oak mottes. Journal of Range Management 40:455-460.

14. Factors affecting interception Weather characteristics Precipitation amount Intensity Frequency Duration

15. Effect of precipitation amount on canopy and litter layer interception

16. Rainfall Interception and Evaporation from Soil Change in soil water storage over 40 days was simulated for bare soil, soil with 1X residue, and soil with 4X residue Results illustrate a trade-off between rainfall interception and evaporation from soil TreatmentChange in storage (mm) Bare soil-0.8 1X residue10.4 4X residue9.6 Bussière, F., and P. Cellier. 1994. Modification of the soil temperature and water content regimes by a crop residue mulch: Experiment and modelling. Agr. Forest Meteorol. 68:1-28.10.1016/0168-1923(94)90066-3.

17. http://www.istockphoto.com/stock-video-12899650-slow-motion-rain-drop-dripping.php

18. How to measure rainfall interception? Source: http://citg.tudelft.nl/index.php?id=19854&L=1http://citg.tudelft.nl/index.php?id=19854&L=1

19. How to measure rainfall interception Source: http://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/INFD-789EQQ http://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/INFD-789EQQ Source: http://www.waterbucket.ca/rm/?sid=33&id=271&type=single http://www.waterbucket.ca/rm/?sid=33&id=271&type=single

20. Bioenergy project high biomass sorghum

21. Bioenergy project switchgrass

22. Result from Bioenergy project 36% 34% 23% 33% 190 mm

23. Reading assignment Erosivity of Rainfall, p.291-293, Hillel