1. Chapter 9 Fracture Testing

2. Charpy Impact Testing Impact Testing Impact Testing
(a) Charpy impact testing machine.
(b) Charpy impact test specimen.
(c) Izod impact test specimen.

3. Energy Absorbed vs. Temperature
Energy absorbed versus temperature for a steel in annealed and in quenched and tempered states. (Adapted with permission from J. C. Miguez Suarez and K. K. Chawla, Metalurgia-ABM, 34 (1978)‏ 825.)‏

4. Temperature Effect on Fracture Appearance
Effect of temperature on the morphology of fracture surface of Charpy steel specimen. Test temperatures Ta < Tb < Tc < Td. (a) Fully brittle fracture. (b, c)‏ Mixed-mode fractures. (d) Fully ductile (fibrous) fracture.

5. Charpy Testing of Steel: DBTT
Energy absorbed, cleavage area ,and lateral expansion as a function of temperature of testing for AISI 1018 steel (cold drawn).

6. Drop-Weight Test Specimen

7. Charpy V-notch Curve for a
Pressure Vessel Steel
Charpy V-notch curve for a pressure-vessel steel. Note that the NDT temperature determined by the drop-weight test corresponds to the high-toughness region of the Charpy curve. Pneumatic pressurization; material: 21/4 Cr-1 Mo steel, yield stress 590 MPa. (After W. J. Langford, Can. Met. Quart., 19 (1980) 13.)‏

8. Instrumented Charpy Test
(a) Typical oscilloscope record of an instrumented Charpy impact test.
(b) Schematic representation of (a).

9. Fracture Toughness Test Specimens
Typical ASTM standard plane-strain fracture toughness test specimens.
(a) Compact tension.
(b) Bending.
(c)‏ Photograph of specimens of various sizes. Charpy and tensile specimens are also shown, for comparison purposes. (Courtesy of MPA, Stuttgart.)‏

10. Schematic of typical load–displacement curves in a KIc test.
Load Displacement Curves vs. Fracture Toughness Test
Schematic of typical load–displacement curves in a KIc test.

11. Plastic Zone at Crack Tip
Plastic zone at the x1 crack tip in a plate of finite thickness.

12. Clip Gage for Displacement Measurement
Assembly for measuring displacement in a notched specimen.

13. Procedure for Measuring Conditional KQ

14. Checklist for the KIc Test

15. Variation of Kc with Specimen Dimensions
Variation in Kc with flaw size, specimen thickness, and specimen width.

16. Load vs. Crack Opening Displacement

17. Plastic Hinge Mechanism

18. J-Integral Testing Method for determining JIc.
(a) Load identical specimens to different
displacements.
(b) Measure the average crack extension by heat tinting.
(c) Calculate J for each specimen.
(d) Plot J versus a to find JIc.

19. Flexure Test
Normal stresses along a section of beam for a linearly elastic material.

20. Three-Point and Four-Point Bend (Flexure) Tests
TThree-Point
Application of load and bending moment diagrams for
(a) three-point bending and
(b)‏ four-point bending tests.

21. Miniaturized Specimen:Four-Point Bending
Shematic drawing of the miniaturized disk-bend test. (Adapted from H. Li, F. C. Chen, and A. J. Ardell, Met. Trans A, 22 (1991) 2061.)‏

22. Fracture Testing Methods for Ceramics
Fracture-testing methods for brittle materials.
(a)‏ Double-cantilever beam (DCB).
(b)‏ Double torsion.
(c) Notch flexure.
(d) Chevron notch

23. Chevron Notch Test
(a) Schematic of the test arrangement and the details of the notch plane.
(b) The chevron tip length, a0, can be measured from optical micrographs of broken specimens.
(c) Chevron short-rod specimen.

24. Hardness Indentation in Brittle Materials
Fractures produced by hardness indentations in
(a) AsS3 glass (courtesy of B. R. Lawn and B. J. Hockey) and
(b) Al2O3.
Add equation

25. Plastic Deformation and Crack in Indentation of Brittle Material
Schematic representation of indentation generating a plastic deformation region and a semicircular crack.

26. Fracture Toughness for Ceramics and Glasses
Comparison of Results
Comparison between conventional and indentation fracture toughness determinations for glasses and ceramics. (From G. R. Anstis, P. Chankitul, B. R. Lawn, and D. B. Marshall, J. Am. Cer. Soc., 64 (1981) 533.)‏

27. Adhesion of Thin Film to Substrate: Testing
Indentation tests for the determination of toughness of bond between substrate and thin film;
(a) Method used for ductile
coating on brittle substrate (typical
of electronic components);
(b)‏ Method used for brittle coatings
on ductile substrate;
(c) Calculated normalized energy release rate as a function of normalized crack diameter.
(Adapted from J. J. Vlassak, M. D. Drory, and W. D. Nix, J. Mater. Res., 12 (1997) 100.)‏