1. CELLULAR HISTORY & MICROSCOPES

2. Knowledge of cells originated from English scientist Robert Hooke in 1665 →Studied thin sections of cork and saw boxlike cavities he called “cells” Robert Hooke A. Cellular Scientists

3. Dutch scientist Antony van Leeuwenhoek examined pond water in 1676 →observed “animalcules” or tiny animals o Were single-celled amoeba, paramecium, and other water-borne pathogens Anton van Leeuwenhoek Water flea daphnia found in pond water

4. Matthias Schleiden in 1838 studied plants →cells make up every part of plant – stems, roots, leaves, flowers Matthias Schleiden

5. Theodor Schwann in 1839 viewed cartilage tissue cells →animals are also made out of cells o Published theory that cells are basic unit of life Theodor Schwann

6. Rudolf Virchow used work of Schwann and Schleiden to advance cell theory in 1858 Virchow 1821-1902

7. →Cell theory o All living things are made of one or more cells o Cells are basic units of structure and function in organisms o All cells arise from pre-existing cells Apple cells

8. living organisms may consist of one cell (bacteria) or many cells (plants and animals) that act as a unit or in coordination with each other Staphylococcus aureus Elodea plant

9. B. MICROSCOPE STRUCTURE Microscope: instrument used to magnify very small objects 1 2 3-5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

10. Microscope PartsFunction ArmConnects to base and supports microscope head, also used to carry the microscope. BaseBottom of microscope, supports it and houses light source Body tubeHolds eyepieces in place above objective lens Course adjustmentFocuses microscope by moving stage up and down in large movements DiaphragmControls amount of light reaching specimen, located above light source and below stage Fine adjustmentSharpens focus of microscope by moving stage up and down in slight increments Light sourceLow voltage, halogen bulb for microscope, typically located in base

11. Microscope PartsFunction ObjectivesPrimary optical lenses on a microscope that magnify image  Scanning 4X – used to locate specimen  Low power 10X – used to locate specific area on specimen  High power 40X – used to magnify specific area on specimen Ocular lens (eyepiece) 10X Lens at top of microscope that eye looks through Revolving nosepieceHouses objectives mounted on a rotating turret so different objectives can be conveniently selected StageWhere specimen to be viewed is placed Stage clipsHolds the slide in place

12. AccessoriesFunction Cover slipSquare piece of glass or plastic to hold specimen on slide ForcepsType of tweezers used to grasp specimen SlidePiece of rectangular glass on which specimen is placed; held by stage clips Wet mountSetting specimen on slide, covering with a drop of water to stabilize specimen

13. QUIZ – can you name all the parts?

14. C. MAGNIFICATION Magnification of objective is not total magnification – must consider power of ocular lens, too –M–Multiply ocular lens by objective lens for correct magnification Ex: ocular lens has magnification of 4X. If objective lens is 40X, what is total magnification? –4–4 x 40 = 160X Ex: ocular lens has magnification of 10X. If objective lens is 100X, what is total magnification? –1–10 x 100 = 1000X

15.  Three types of microscopes, depending on what scientists want to look at: o Light microscope o Electron microscope o Scanning tunneling microscope

16. Simple Compound

17. Light Microscope o light microscope: a microscope that uses a beam of visible light passing through one or more lenses to magnify an object up to 1,500 times  Two types:  Simple light microscope (1 lens)  Compound light microscope (2 lenses)

18.  compound light microscope: uses two lenses and a light bulb to shine light up and through object being studied  it contains the following parts:  ocular lens: lens viewer looks through, usually has magnification of 10X  objective lens: lens closest to specimen through which light travels; can have magnification of 20 X, 40X, 100X, up to 200X  specimen: object being studied, usually put on glass slide resting on stage

19.  stage: area specimen rests on, can move up or down to bring object into better focus  focus knob: knob that moves stage up and down to bring object into focus; may have fine focus knob which moves stage at microscopic rate for better resolution  light source: usually a light bulb which shines up through specimen, through objective lens, through ocular lens; may also be a mirror that reflects overhead light

20. Parts of Compound Microscope MEMORIZE!

21.  to obtain actual magnification, must multiply magnification of ocular lens and objective lens together  if ocular is 10x, and objective is 40x, 10 x 40 = total magnification of 400x 10x 40x (10x)(40x) = 400x

22.  PRACTICE:  If the ocular is 10x and the objective you are using is 10x, what is your total magnification? 100x  If the ocular is 5x and the objective you are using is 100x, what is your total magnification? 500x  If the ocular is 2x and the objective you are using is 40x, what is your total magnification? 80x

23. Electron Microscope o electron microscope (EM): a microscope that focuses a beam of electrons to magnify objects up to 200,000 times actual size  two types of EM:  transmission electron microscope (TEM)  scanning electron microscope (SEM)

24.  transmission electron microscope (TEM): electron beam is directed at a very thin slice of specimen stained with metal ions. Heavily stained parts absorb the electrons, while those parts with less stain allow electrons to pass through, and strike a fluorescent screen  these micrographs can reveal cell’s internal structure in fine detail, but are not in color  scientists have to add artificial color to make certain structures more visible

25. TEM Transmission electron micrograph of myelinated neurons.

26. SEM This colorized scanning electron micrograph shows pollens—Bermuda grass in green, maple in red, and ragweed in yellow—at roughly 3,000 times their itchy, sneezy life size.

27.  scanning electron microscope (SEM): electron beam is focused on specimen coated with very thin layer of metal. Electrons that bounce off specimen form an image on fluorescent screen.  Shows three-dimensional (3-D) images of cell surface, but are black and white  scientists have to add artificial color to make certain structures more visible

28. o scanning tunneling microscope (STM): uses a needle-like probe to measure differences in voltage caused by electrons that leak, or tunnel, from the surface of the object being viewed  computer tracks movement of probe across object, enabling very small objects the size of an atom to be viewed  computer generates 3-D image of specimen’s surface  can be used for living organisms

29. STM A scanning microscope (micrograph of the foot of the jumping spider E. arcuata. (Image courtesy Institute Of Physics)

30. Cell Size All substances that enter or leave a cell must cross that cell’s surface. Small cells function more efficiently than larger cells. –About 100 trillion cells in human body –From 5µm-20µm in diameter

31. Small cells can exchange substances more readily than larger cells because small object have a higher surface area-to volume ratio than larger objects.

32. Relationship Between Surface Area and Volume Slide lengthSurface areaVolumeSurface area/ Volume ratio 1 mm 6:1 2 mm3:1 4 mm 3:2 If the cell’s surface area-to volume ratio is low, substances can not enter and leave the cell in numbers large enough to meet the cell’s needs.