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Lecture Twelve
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Spacetime Geometry: Brehme Diagram and Loedel Diagram
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Relativistic Kinematics: Relativistic Vista of Spacetime
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Geometry of Relativity
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Cartesian Coordinates
y y • P (x, y) • x O x
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Cartesian Coordinates
y' y' • P (x', y') • O x' x'
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Cartesian Coordinates
invariance of distance y y' y' y • P (x', y') P (x, y) • x O x x' x'
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Invariance of Spacetime Interval
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Brehme Spacetime Diagram
Exchange Ot axis and Ot' axis
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Brehme Spacetime Diagram
ct' ct x' O • x
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Oblique Coordinates ct O • x
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Brehme Diagram (perpendicular components)
ct • E (ct, x) ct • x O x
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Loedel Diagram (parallel components)
ct ct • E (ct, x) • x O x
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World Line
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World Line ct ct3 ct2 • E ct1 • x O x1 x2 x3
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World Line rest at x in for all time t parallel to t -axis ct • E •
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World Line • E • rest at x' in ' for all time t'
ct' ct rest at x' in ' for all time t' parallel to t' -axis perpendicular to x -axis • E x' • x' • x O
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World Line ct • E ct2 ct1 • x O x1 x2
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World Line of Light 角平分線 ct T • • E 3 4 ct 2 1 X O • • x x
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World Line of O' ct x ct • E ct ct x • x O x
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Question: world line 與 trajectory 有何不同?
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Loedel Diagram ct' ct x' • E x' ct' ct' x' • x O
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Loedel Diagram ct' ct x' • E x' ct' ct' • x O x'
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Loedel Diagram • • • • ct' ct • E (ct, x) or E(ct', x') ct x' ct' x' •
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Principle of Constancy of Light Speed
ct' ct • • E E(ct, x) ct x' • O • x x
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Principle of Constancy of Light Speed
ct' ct • E E(ct', x') • ct' x' • x' O • x
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Principle of Constancy of Light Speed
ct' ct • • E(ct , x) or (ct', x') ct • ct' x' • x' • O • x x
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Time Dilation
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Time Dilation ct' ct • E2 C2 • • A2 c • E1 ct x' • • A1 C1 • x' • x O
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Time Dilation • • • • • • • • • ct' ct E2 B2 C2 ct A2 proper time c
x' • • A1 C1 • x' same place in ' • x O
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Time Dilation • • • • • • • ct' ct E2 C2 A2 proper time c E1 ct x' A1
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Time Dilation ct' ct • C2 • • A2 E2 ct c • C1 x' • • E1 A1 x • • x O
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Time Dilation • • • • • • • • • ct' ct C2 A2 E2 ct' B2 c proper time
x' • C1 • E1 A1 • B1 x • • x O same place in
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Time Dilation • • • • • • • ct' ct C2 A2 E2 ct' c proper time C1 x'
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Simultaneity
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World Line of Light 角平分線 ct O • x
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • v
ct' • D • O' C • • • • ct B O A • B • v • x' D C • • O' C • • • • • • • B O A • A D • x O v • D • O' C • • • • O B A • • v D • • O' C • • • • B O A
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Events C and D • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ct' • D • O' C • • • • ct B O A v • • x' D C • • O' C • • • • • • • • B O A A D • x O v • D • O' C • simultaneous in ' • • • O B A t'C = t'D • • tD < tC
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• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ct' O' ct -v O x' O'
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• • • • • • • • • • • • ct ct' E2 after E1 in ' ct2 E1
In , E2 and E1 are simultaneous • ct2 • • • E1 E1(x,t2) or (x',t2') E2 • ct2' x' E2' • • • E2' before E1 in x' • • • x x O In ', E2' and E1 are simultaneous •
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Length Contraction
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Length Contraction • • • • • • L B A L0 (proper length) ct' ct ct1
simultaneous measurements at time t1 in x' B • A • L0 (proper length) O • x world lines of A and B
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Length Contraction • • • • • • L A B L0 (proper length) ct' ct ct'1
simultaneous measurements at time t'1 in ' x' world lines of A and B A B • • O • x L0 (proper length)
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Off Synchronization
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Off -Synchronization • • • • • c = L sin L ct' = L v/c
ct (proper time) Time dilation : ct' = ct Time dilation : ct = (ct' - c ) x' • x O • L trailing clock leading clock
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Lorentz Transformation
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Lorentz Transformation
ct' ct • B • E (ct, x) or E(ct', x') D • x' ct ct' • x' C • C' • • x O A x
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Lorentz Transformation
ct' ct x • B • E (ct, x) or E(ct', x') D • x' • D' ct ct' C • x' • • x x O A
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Comparison of Loedel Diagram and Brehme Diagram
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Loedel Diagram Parallel Component Contravariant Component Brehme Diagram Perpendicular Component Covariant Component
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Summary
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Geometry; Invariance of Spacetime; Constancy of Speed of Light
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