1. Investigating How Forces Transfer Energy
Investigation #1
Getting To Work With Energy
Investigating How Forces Transfer Energy

2. ENERGY
What is ENERGY?
What do you think of when you hear the word ENERGY?
Why is energy so important to us?
What types of energy do you encounter most often?
How does energy get from one place to another?

3. ENERGY defined …
Energy is typically defined by the CHANGE that is caused when energy changes from or moves from one object to another object.

4. Review of Energy Forms

5. Kinetic Energy (KE) - the energy of motion
Kinetic Energy (KE) - the energy of motion. The energy associated with moving objects is called kinetic energy (KE)
The size of the KE is determined by an object’s speed and its mass.
Example: A moving baseball has kinetic energy .
Mechanical Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE) - the energy of position. This is energy that an object possesses due to its position.
Example: A person climbing a ladder increases her GPE
The size of the GPE is determined by the object’s mass and its height above the ground.

6. Heat Energy (HE) - the random kinetic energy of particles..
Also know as “graveyard of energy” because it is difficult to make heat energy a useful form of energy. Once energy is heat it usually stays heat.
Example of HE: fire

7. Chemical Potential Energy (CPE) - the energy stored in bonds that hold the particles in a substance together.
When these bonds are formed, or are broken, energy transfers and/or transformations take place.
Example: Food

8. Sound Energy - the energy of vibrating particles.
Example: sonar

9. Elastic Potential Energy (EPE) - energy of deformed materials
Elastic Potential Energy (EPE) - energy of deformed materials. This form of energy comes from the stretching or compressing of elastic materials.
Example: Pole vaulters

10. Dropping Golf Balls ...
You will drop the golf ball from four different heights looking for evidence of energy by a change that is produced.

11. Goals/Objective
To determine how the varying heights of a golf ball affects the golf balls’ gravitational potential energy as well as its kinetic energy when it is released.

12. Hypothesis
If a golf ball is dropped at varying heights, then its change to the sands surface on impact will be directly proportional to the height at which the ball is dropped. (A ball dropped at a low height will produce less of a crater than a ball dropped at a higher height.)

13. Material A golf ball A gallon of sand
An 8X11 metal pan with 2 inch sides

14. Investigation Reflection:
Question #1: Does the egg have energy while it is sitting on the top of the sand? (Assume that the sand represents the ground)
Pick up the egg and hold it about 25 cm above the pan.
Question #2: What type of energy does the egg have while it is being held at a height of 25cm above the pan?
Question #3: How did the egg get its energy? Where did this energy come from?
Release the egg and discuss the crater produced by the egg.

15. Repeat the process from 50 cm, 75 cm, and 100 cm (1m)
Repeat the process from 50 cm, 75 cm, and 100 cm (1m). Discuss why the craters are larger as the height increases; what we see is a greater CHANGE. Drop each trial’s egg in a different spot in the sand so that they can be compared in the end.
Question #4: Which trial created the most change in the sand (the largest crater)?
Introduce a hollow practice egg into the investigation. Repeat the same process as was done with the heavy egg.
Question #5: What variable was changed in this part of the investigation? What effect did this change have on the crater in the sand?
Question #6: Did the hollow egg and the heavy egg impact the sand with the same speed? In other words, did gravity speed them up both golf balls at the same rate?
Question #7: What can you conclude from our investigation?

16. Feather and hammer drop on the moon

17. Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy can not be created nor destroyed.
Energy can be transferred from one object to another and can be transformed from one form to another, but the total amount of energy never changes.

18. Energy Transfer vs. Energy Transformation
Energy TRANSFER is the passing of the same type of energy from one object to another object.

20. Energy Transfer vs. Energy Transformation
Energy TRANSFORMATION is the changing of energy from one form of energy to another form of energy.

22. explain why the bottom of the slinky doesn’t fall like the top of the slinky when the slinky is first released. Use concepts of transfer and transformation

24. Energy Chains
Energy chains are graphical representations of the flow of energy in a system.
They typically contain words, phrases, and images.

25. Rube Goldberg Challenge!!
Click on Picture to see commercial

26. Rube Goldberg challenge
Get in gum drop groups
You will have min to design your own Rube Goldberg invention with the materials that your group is given.
Once the invention is designed I would like you show me your design and then draw the design in your warm up journal
Then I would like you to complete a DETAILED energy chain of your invention.
Be creative and have fun!!

27. Newton's first law of motion is often stated as
An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
There are two parts to this statement - one that predicts the behavior of stationary objects and the other that predicts the behavior of moving objects. The two parts are summarized in the following diagram.

28. Forces That Transfer Energy
Making Crash Barriers

32. Investigating How Forces Transfer Energy Part A: Creating a Barrier
Focus Question: What barrier design will stop the car in the
shortest distance?
Your task is to create a stopping barrier out of dominoes that will stop the car in the shortest distance possible.

33. Pre-Investigation Questions
Question #1: What form of energy is present when the car is sitting at the top of the ramp? How do you know this?
Question #2: What will happen to the energy of the car as it moves down the ramp? What evidence could you collect to justify your answer?
Question #3: When the car strikes the barrier what will happen to the energy of the car? How do you know this?
Question #4: Let’s assume we release the car from rest at the top of your ramp. What can you do to be sure that the car strikes your barrier with the same KE in each trial? Explain.

34. Conduct your Investigation
Record your results carefully and be prepared to report to the class the design of your barrier that stopped the car in the shortest distance by exerting the largest stopping force and the answers to the questions asked below.
Question #5: What forces are causing the car to stop?
Question #6: Why is the stopping distance shorter for some arrangements of blocks than for other arrangements?

35. Stopping Distances:
Trial
Dominoes
Distance 1
IIIIIIIIII

36. Title Objective- 2 parts-A and B Hypothesis- Focus Questions for part A and B
Intro- Tell me about Force and work- Define them, how do they apply to crashing cars 3 sentences
Materials-
Procedure- What did you use and how did you use them-
Pre-Investigation Questions
Data- attach data table
Analysis- Analyze your data- what worked what didn’t work
Conclusion- What did you do and how does it apply to force and work- 5 sentences
Post Questions for A
Repeat above for Part B (no pre-investigation questions)

37. Investigating How Forces Transfer Energy
Part B: Creating a Safe Stopping Barrier
Focus Question: What is the shortest distance that your car needs to safely stop the moving car?
Your task is to create a stopping barrier out of dominoes that will stop the car safely (the domino passenger can not fall over or out of the car) in the shortest distance possible.

38. Stopping Distances:

39. Investigation Reflection:
Question #7: How did the smallest “safe” stopping distance from Part B compare to the stopping distance in Part A?
Question #8: Can you think of other materials that would make safer barriers than the ones you made out of blocks? Explain why you think these other materials would make safer barriers?

40. WORK The Transfer of Energy
How does the previous investigation help us to understand how forces transfer energy?

41. (Fs) x (D ) = (Fs) x (D ) = ( KE )

43. SAFER Crash Barriers
An excellent application of these concepts is the “soft walls” used by major racing facilities across the nation (Dover International Speedway being one of these). The new SAFER (Steel And Foam Energy Reduction) barriers have revolutionized the sport of automobile racing and made it much safer for both the drivers and the fans.

44. So how do SAFER barriers absorb energy?
The barriers move upon impact so that the KE of the car is transferred to a very large area of the wall (a large portion of the wall flexes upon impact). The key idea is that no one portion of the wall receives a large amount of the car’s KE. The KE of the flexing soft wall is then transferred to the outer permanent wall and support structure. The materials that make up the wall are not elastic.
Imagine what the collision would be like if the wall was elastic! Still other portions of the car’s initial KE are transformed into heat energy and sound energy.