1. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

2. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk STRUCTURAL TIMBER COMPONENTS Timber should be bought from sustainable sources. Such timber is stamped with the symbol of the accrediting body. STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

3. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk TIMBER STRENGTH Timber is stamped according to it’s strength properties, as described below:- Timber Species British Standard Quality Reference Strength Grade Certification Authority Condition STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

4. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk Structural components include pre-fabricated frames, wall panels, joists and roof trusses. STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

5. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk The design of structural members takes into account: Dead loads - which includes weight of the actual building, such as bricks, tiles and timber. Imposed loads – machinery, furniture etc. Live loads – the weight of people in the building. Snow and wind loads – when it snows, additional loading is imposed on the roof, and wind loads occur in high winds. Loads are illustrated on the next slide STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

6. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

7. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk Descriptions of the manufacturing process of structural elements follow:- STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

8. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk Factory-made components result in high levels of repetition, accuracy and quality. This leads to cost savings during construction. Timber components for a roof truss are laid out on a jig, as shown right. Each component is pre- cut to the exact dimensions required. STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

9. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk Timber parts are fixed together mechanically, using toothed steel plates. STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

10. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk Studs (verticals) and sole plates are laid out to exact dimensions, and nailed together. STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

11. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk The panel head is offered up to the panel frame. The head is fixed with pneumatic nail guns. STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

12. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk Right – nails fixed to timber. Below – Pneumatic nail gun and nail cartridge. STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

13. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk Right - plywood is then nailed to the frame. STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING Left – a breather membrane is placed over the plywood.

14. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk Bands are stapled to the panel to mark the positions of studs. This helps tradesmen on site to establish fixing points for other building components. STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

15. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk JOISTS Joists are structural components that span the width of a building. Finished joists, awaiting delivery to a construction site, are shown left. STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

16. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk Roof trusses, delivered to site and awaiting fixing. STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

17. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk A timber framed building under construction. STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

18. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk The foundation layout of a timber framed building is shown on the following slide, and construction methods of this type of foundation also follow. STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

19. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk Concrete blinding Steel reinforcements (rebar) Polystyrene shuttering STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

20. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

21. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

22. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

23. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

24. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk In the above image, a steel frame connects the timber superstructure to the foundations. The red arrows indicate where columns are bolted to the foundations. A more detailed image is shown on the next slide. Timber beams & joists form the superstructure STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

25. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk Block work: forms part of the structure, and offers fire protection to steelwork Steel beams – fire protected by sprayed on intumescent paint Joists – will be fire protected by plasterboard before the building is occupied STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

26. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk Load carrying components are doubled in size and transmit building loads to the foundations: a close-up is shown on the following slide. STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

27. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk Studs Noggins STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

28. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk Prefabricated components are marked with their locations. This speeds up construction time and reduces construction costs. STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

29. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk Stud walls are fixed in position to form separate spaces. These will eventually be fire protected by plasterboard. STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

30. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk Once stud walls are fixed, first fixing for plumbing and power can take place. STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

31. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk As prefabricated components arrive, rapid construction follows. The above image shows the view looking down a communal corridor of an apartment block, whilst under construction. STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

32. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk A vapour barrier, used to stop rain water entering the building, is fixed externally. STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

33. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk Battens are fixed over the vapour barrier, and insulation is fitted between the battens. Cement render is applied to provide an external finish. Colour pigment can be included in the render (known as a through-colour render), or the render can be painted after curing. STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

34. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk Large items, such as roof trusses are lifted into place with a crane. STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

35. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk Roof trusses awaiting fixing. STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

36. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk Roof trusses fixed in place, ready for roofing contractors. STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING

37. NGfL CYMRU GCaD www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk Structural flooring and wall panels, stored on site and ready for fixing. STRUCTURAL TIMBER FRAMING