1. Conversion of Timber

2. Trees are cut down during winter as there is less growth, therefore less sap After felling trees are transported to sawmills to be cut into boards This process of converting logs to boards is known as conversion 3 methods of conversion Through and through sawing Through and through sawing Tangential sawing Tangential sawing Quarter sawing Quarter sawing

3. Through and Through Sawing This is one of the most popular methods of sawing. The log is cut in parallel cuts in the direction of the grain. This is one of the most popular methods of sawing. The log is cut in parallel cuts in the direction of the grain.

4. Through and Through Sawing Advantages Advantages Low cost and fast Low cost and fast Maximum width of planks obtained from log. Maximum width of planks obtained from log. Little wastage. Little wastage. Reveals attractive grain pattern, especially in softwoods. Reveals attractive grain pattern, especially in softwoods. Disadvantages Disadvantages Not suitable for structural timber Not suitable for structural timber With this method cupping caused by tangential shrinkage is a problem (cupping is the warping of the plank away from the heart of the tree) With this method cupping caused by tangential shrinkage is a problem (cupping is the warping of the plank away from the heart of the tree)

5. Tangential Sawing The cut is made at a tangent to the annual rings of the log. The cut is made at a tangent to the annual rings of the log. Log must be turned 90 º after each cut. Log must be turned 90 º after each cut. Timber will display a flame figure Timber will display a flame figure

6. Tangential Sawing Advantages Advantages Produce board with flame figure Produce board with flame figure Tangential boards are strong boards, used for beams and joists Tangential boards are strong boards, used for beams and joists Heartwood and sapwood are easily separated Heartwood and sapwood are easily separated These boards can take a nail without splitting because of the position of their annual rings These boards can take a nail without splitting because of the position of their annual rings Disadvantages Disadvantages Prone to shrinkage (Cupping) Prone to shrinkage (Cupping) It is expensive as the log is turned 90 º for each cut It is expensive as the log is turned 90 º for each cut

7. Quarter Sawing This method leaves the annual rings of the converted timber meeting the face of the board at 45 º or more. This method leaves the annual rings of the converted timber meeting the face of the board at 45 º or more. It is important to note that the log must be rotated each time a cut is taken. It is important to note that the log must be rotated each time a cut is taken. This method can bring the best features in wood as it produces silver grain which has clearly defined medullary rays This method can bring the best features in wood as it produces silver grain which has clearly defined medullary rays

8. Quarter Sawing Advantages Advantages An attractive grain pattern is produced An attractive grain pattern is produced Boards are more stable and shrink less Boards are more stable and shrink less Boards wear more evenly,important for flooring Boards wear more evenly,important for flooring Disadvantage Disadvantage Expensive, as the log has to be first quartered then turned for every cut. Expensive, as the log has to be first quartered then turned for every cut. Because the log is quartered then cut again narrower boards are produced Because the log is quartered then cut again narrower boards are produced