1. 1 Dr., professor Fomenko G.A. Dr., Fomenko M.A. CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN REGIONAL EXPERT WORKSHOP ON SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Moscow, 30 May - 2 June 2005 Valuations of Ecosystem Services: Russian Experience

2. 2 Sustainable Use of Biodiversity Addis Ababa Principles and Guidelines The management and conservation of natural resources incurs costs. If these costs are not adequately covered then management will decline and the amount and value of the natural resources may also decline. It is necessary to ensure that some of the benefits from use flow to the local natural resource management authorities so that essential management to sustain the resources is maintained. Such benefits may be direct, such as entrance fees from visitors to a national park paid directly to, and retained by, the park management authority or indirect, such as stumpage tax revenue from timber harvesting paid by loggers that flows through a national treasury to a local forest service. In some cases licence fees for fishing rights are paid directly to the management authority, or to the national treasury. Practical principle 13: The costs of management and conservation of biological diversity should be internalized within the area of management and reflected in the distribution of the benefits from the use

3. 3 Topicality The worldwide tendency of the budgetary financing reducing of the specially conservated natural territories (the last 10 years approximately 50%) It is necessary to find extra finance resources for preserves and national parks maintenance

4. 4  Every natural object provides the ecosystem services and that makes it economically valuable.  The ecosystem services can be valued at the money equivalent.  The property of the national park is an amount of the ecosystem services represented by its natural resources and objects. The main points

5. 5 The national park «Kurshskaya Kosa»

6. 6 Description

7. 7 The necessity of Kurshskaya Kosa and its landscape conservation

8. 8 Present-day Condition The comfortable buildings considerably change the structure of the populated localities and landscape

9. 9 Present-day Condition The transit high-way to Lithuania through the territory of the national park

10. 10 Value Structure of the Ecosystem Services 103954 (68%) 6172 (4%) 9682 (6%) 14430 (10%) 18711 (12%) Recreation Services Fishing Consumption of the non- timber resources (for household needs) Carbon Absorption Consumption of the timber ( for household needs) ths.ruble/year

11. 11 Recreation 7368 person/year 13% 1769 person/year 3% 33609 person/year 60% 13755 person/year 24% Zelenograd and in and around it populated localities Moscow and the other cities of Central Russia The foreign cities (Geramny) Kaliningrad and the other cities of its region and Lithuania The structure of Kurshskaya Kosa attendance:

12. 12 Recreation Economic valuation of the Recreational Services

13. 13 Fishing 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 19951996199719981999 ths. t/year Russia Lithuania The fishing dynamics in Kurshski Bay on the territories of Russia and Lithuania

14. 14 Annual Fishing Income Fishing Current Income Fishing Type ths.ruble/ year % Trade 18450 99 Amateur 261 1 TOTAL:: 18711 100

15. 15 Mushrooms and Berries Gathering The Final Use Value, ruble/year per person Expenditures on Gathering ruble/year per person Valuation of non- timber resources ruble/year per person The common valuation of non- timber resources, ths. ruble/year By inhabitants 434 67,4 366,6 584 By visitors 564 242 3 22 13846 Всего: 14430 The valuation results of the non-timber resources of Kurshskaya Kosa

16. 16 Value of Existence 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% InhabitantsVisitorsKaliningrad Inhabitants yesno Willingness to pay for the perseverance of Kurshskaya Kosa as a unique natural object according to the answers of various groups

17. 17 Value of Existence Willingness to Pay according to expenditure of labor Population Groups Willingness to Pay ths. ruble/ year Man-hour / year - ths. ruble./ year Total Willingness to Pay, ths. ruble./year Inhabitants 9,4 3306 38,4 47,8 Visitors of Kurshskaya Kosa 3182,9 68350 1237,1 4420,0 Kaliningrad Inhabitants 5214,2 — — 5214,2 Всего 8406,5 — 1275,5 9682,0 Complex valuation Results of Ecosystem Services of Kurshskaya Kosa

18. 18 Ways to Rise the National Park Income  Payment for transit  The Park Entrance Fee  Nature-conservative Dues from Extractive Industry (Fishery, Oil Production etc.)  Tourist’s agency Dues  Taxation of staying in hotels  Airport Taxes  Taxation of Fishing Equipment  Incomes from lottery, tobacco taxes, stamps with Kurshskaya Kosa images etc.  Fines on pollution, illegal logging etc.  International cooperation: Russia – Lithuania

19. 19 Practical principle 12: The needs of indigenous and local communities who live with and are affected by the use and conservation of biological diversity, along with their contributions to its conservation and sustainable use, should be reflected in the equitable distribution of the benefits from the use of those resources Indigenous and local communities and local stakeholders often shoulder significant costs or forgo benefits of potential use of biological diversity, in order to ensure or enhance benefits accruing to others. Many resources (e.g., timber, fisheries) are over-exploited because regulations are ignored and not enforced. When local people are involved as stakeholders such violations are generally reduced. Management regimes are enhanced when constructive programmes that benefit local communities are implemented, such as capacity training that can provide income alternatives, or assistance in diversifying their management capacities. Sustainable Use of Biodiversity Addis Ababa Principles and Guidelines

20. 20 Ob-Тоmsk interfluve (Тomsk region) Waterfence Tomsk City Border protection zone Economic basis for preventive measures against conflicts in natural management

21. 21 Ecosystem ServicesInhabitants of Ob–Tomsk interfluve ths. ruble/year (part in the total amount) Tomsk Inhabitants, ths. ruble/ year (part in the total amount) Consumption of the timber resources of the forest 15889,4 (98%) 391,3* (2%) Consumption of the non- timber resources of the forest 5658,3 (7%) 75509,8 (93%) Consumption of the fishing resources 110,4 (2%) 6504,5 (98%) Consumption of hunting resources 474,6 (22%) 1688,1 (78%) Total: 22132,7 (21%) 84093,7 (79%) Arrangement of Ecosystem Services in Ob-Tomsk interfluve

22. 22 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Timber resources of the forest Non-timber resources of the forest Fishing resourcesHunting resources Inhabitants consumption: Tomsk CityOb –Tomsk interfluve Consumption Structure of Ecosystem Services in Ob-Tomsk interfluve