1. METSÄNTUTKIMUSLAITOS SKOGSFORSKNINGSINSTITUTET FINNISH FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE www.metla.fi Political culture and Forest Programmes in Finland Pekka Ollonqvist & Harri Hänninen Finnish Forest Research Institute

2. METSÄNTUTKIMUSLAITOS SKOGSFORSKNINGSINSTITUTET FINNISH FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE www.metla.fi Political culture and Governance in Finland  Elements of Political Culture  State and Local Governance  Main features of power structures of political arena: dominance of president during 1956-1981 steps to parliamentary democracy during 1982- 1991 adaptation to international communities from 1992-  Forest policy culture through decades

3. METSÄNTUTKIMUSLAITOS SKOGSFORSKNINGSINSTITUTET FINNISH FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE www.metla.fi The Concept of Political Culture  Political culture Case: Parliamentary democracy Concentration of public and private power and activities on policy arena Legal base of institutions; extent and coverage  Levels of political arena Legislative level - President/constitutional monarch - Parliament Executive level - Government – NGOs  Political culture implement: how to legitimate social institutions the set of legitimate actions for:  Public power  NGOs on legislative(lobbying)/executive (corporatist networks) levels set of candidate actions to modify or revise social institutions set of candidate agendas to modify or revise social institutions

4. METSÄNTUTKIMUSLAITOS SKOGSFORSKNINGSINSTITUTET FINNISH FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE www.metla.fi State governance in Finland  Legislate level president  common (currently direct) election,  a six-year term,  prior strong status dismantled for parliament unicameral parliament  common (proportional) election  a four-year term  president can dissolve (for specified reasons)  Executive level government  multi-party tradition non-governmental organisations (NGOs)  strong advocacy colitions among labour unions and agriculture

5. METSÄNTUTKIMUSLAITOS SKOGSFORSKNINGSINSTITUTET FINNISH FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE www.metla.fi Local governance in Finland  provincial advocacy administration only executive institutions on state power (parliament election, justice, defence, environment…)  strong municipal self-governance 450 municipalities common (proportional) election access to taxation, educational and health institutions  Multicultural regions in culture, language, religion and strong minority rights  Identification of citizenship on local and national state level

6. METSÄNTUTKIMUSLAITOS SKOGSFORSKNINGSINSTITUTET FINNISH FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE www.metla.fi Political arena Towards Scandinavian welfare state Legislate level :  president and elite dominates Executive level:  Governments  short lived  short run policy targets  freqent parliamentary minority  NGOs  increasing political power  single advocacy for organised interest  Economic Council  major arena neo-corporatist actions Forest policy arena Intensive, expanding timber production Legislate level:  Unchanged STM Executive level:  Timber investment programs ( MERA I-III, 1963-1975)  integrated part of macroeconomic planning  initiative from forest strong, closed network  top-down approach  technocrat planning President substituted Parliament and Government during 1956-81

7. METSÄNTUTKIMUSLAITOS SKOGSFORSKNINGSINSTITUTET FINNISH FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE www.metla.fi Forest policy arena Intensive, expanding timber production and use Legislate level :  Unchanged STM Executive level: Programs for timber investments and use  Forest 2000 (1985)  Rev Forest 2000 (1992)  Economic Council initiator  forest network  dominating role  forest science society higly involved  extended representation of interest groups  first ENGO since 1991  top-down approach Political arena Parliamentary state for individuals Legislate level :  new president initiated actions to strenghten parliamentary power Executive level :  Governments  multi- party majority  living parliamentary period  long run policy tragets  NGOs  multiple advocacies for organised interest  strong diversified political power strong  Economic Council  neo- corporatist actions extends to market prices and social policy  International dimension  associate contracts to international networks Towards parliamentary democracy during 1982-92

8. METSÄNTUTKIMUSLAITOS SKOGSFORSKNINGSINSTITUTET FINNISH FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE www.metla.fi Forest policy arena Increasing timber use parallel with ecological biodiversity preservation Legislate level :  comprehensive revision of legislation for SFM Executive level:  Environmental Programme for Forestry (1994)  Finland’s NFP (1999)  formal status by government  forest network  forest science society in minor role  pluralist participation  many ENGOs involved  new participation channels  bottom-up approach  regional forest programmes Political arena Internationalization & pluralism Legislate level:  strog parliament substitutes president into formal position by new constitution Executive level:  Government  multi-party parliamentary majority  living parliamentary period  detailed long run policy tragets  NGOs  multiple advocacies for organised interest  diversified arenas  pluralist participation  Market allocation  International dimension  restricting agreements & commitments  EU & EMU membership Adaptation to international communities during 1992-2003

9. METSÄNTUTKIMUSLAITOS SKOGSFORSKNINGSINSTITUTET FINNISH FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE www.metla.fi Forest policy culture through decades  Policy initials: government substitute forest networks  Policy preparation: from mono-corporatism to pluralist- corporatism  Policy agenda: from closed preparation to new channels providing access to participation from top-down approach towards bottom-up approach from technocratic planning towards participatory planning  Policy implementation: from fixed compherensive plans towards iterative policy formulation