1. MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH WORDS

2. Morphemes and Words WORD MORPHEME particular sound form
particular meaning
particular sound form
capable of a particular grammatical employment
able to form a sentence
autonomous
MORPHEME
particular meaning
particular sound form
not autonomous
constituent part of a word
not divisible into smaller meaningful units

3. is the smallest meaningful language unit
MORPHEME
is the smallest meaningful language unit

4. Words are subdivided into two classes:
Non-segmentable
(to) teach
(to) bear
drive
Segmentable
teacher, teaching
unbearable
driver

5. ALLOMORPHS Variants of one and the same morpheme south – southern
e.g. poor – poverty
south – southern
wide - width

6. ALLOMORPH is a positional variant of a morpheme
occurring in a specific environment
characterized by complimentary distribution

7. Complementary distribution (allomorphs)
Two linguistic variants cannot appear in the same environment
E.g. –ion/-sion/-tion/-ation
im-/il-/ir-/in- (impossible/ illegal/irresistible/indirect
long - lengh
Contrastive distribution (morphemes)
Two language units can appear in the same environment
They signal different meanings
E.g. –able (measurable)
-ed (measured)

8. FREE morphemes BOUND morphemes
Coincide with a word-form
May stand alone without changing its meaning
Can be only roots
E.g. sport- in sportive
BOUND morphemes
Do not coincide with separate word-forms
Occur only as a constituent part of words
Are mostly derivational morphemes
E.g. –ive in sportive;
eleg- and -ant in elegant

10. A ROOT MORPHEME is a lexical center of a word
has an individual lexical meaning common to a set of semantically related words (word-family)
e.g. to write, writer, writing

11. A ROOT MORPHEME e.g. cold water, to water flowers
does not possess a part-of-speech meaning
e.g. cold water, to water flowers
is often homonymous to words
e.g. find, bear, land, man
is an ultimate constituent at a morphological level of analysis

12. A STEM
is what remains of a word when a derivational or functional affix is removed from the word
e.g. hearty, heart - hearts

13. A STEM expresses lexical and part-of-speech meaning
e.g. develop- (verbal stem) + -ment = development (noun stem)

14. A STEM remains unchanged throughout a word’s paradigm
e.g. hearty – heartier – (the) heartiest;
to ask – asks – asked – asked- asking;
singer – singer’s – singers – singers’

15. FUNCTIONAL AFFIXES Convey grammatical meaning
e.g. –s –the plural of nouns – boys
-er – comparative degree of adjectives - smaller

16. FUNCTIONAL AFFIXES
build different forms of one and the same word (a word-form)
e.g. boy- boys, boy’s – boys’;
take – takes;
hearty – heartier – (the) heartiest

17. DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES build new words e.g. to teach - a teacher
have a part-of-speech meaning
e.g. to change – changeable
to organize – organization
are dependent on the root they modify (bound)

18. A SUFFIX a derivational morpheme follows the stem or root
forms a new derived word in a different part of speech or a different word class
e.g. heart – hearty, heartless, hearten

19. A PREFIX a derivational morpheme stands before the root or stem
modifies the word meaning
e.g. hearten – dishearten

20. AN INFIX
is placed within the word
e.g. stand
to-us-ward (toward us)

21. A SEMI-AFFIX
occupies an intermediate position between roots and affixes
is a root morpheme which functions as a derivational affix
e.g. well-done, well-fed
fireman, spaceman
ill-dressed, ill-housed
lady-like, business-like

22. CLASSIFICATION OF AFFIXES
Native & borrowed (e.g. sleepy – actor)
Productive & non-productive (e.g. disappoint – childhood)
Frequent & non-frequent (e.g. harmful)
Noun-forming, adjective-forming, etc. (e.g. mobster, awake, untie, etc.)

23. CLASSIFICATION OF AFFIXES
transpositive (change the lexico-grammatical meaning of the word) & non-transpositive (do not change the lexico-grammatical meaning)
e.g. non- + stop (v.) = non-stop (adj.)
employ (v.) + -ee = employee (n.)

24. CLASSIFICATION OF AFFIXES
polysemantic (possess several connected meanings) & monosemantic (possess only one meaning)
e.g. un- 1) to reverse action: untie
2) to deprive of: unhive, unearth
-less, without: colorless

25. ANALYSIS INTO IMMEDIATE CONSTITUENTS (анализ по непосредственным составляющим)
Ungentlemanly
Un- + gentlemanly (unnatural, untimely)
Un- +gentleman- + -ly (womanly, masterly)
Un- + gentle- + -man- + -ly (noble)
Un- + -gent- + -le- + -man- + -ly

26. STRUCTURAL TYPES OF WORDS

27. MONOMORPHIC WORDS
Simple words (root words) = one root morpheme + (functional affix)
e.g. seldom, dog, asked, chairs

28. POLYMORPHIC WORDS
Affixed (derived) words or derivatives = one root morpheme + one or more derivational affixes + (functional affix)
e.g. acceptable, outdo, dislikes, discouragement

29. POLYMORPHIC WORDS
Compound words = two or more root morphemes + (functional affix)
e.g. baby-moons, eye-ball, stick-and-carrot (policy)

30. POLYMORPHIC WORDS
Compound-affixed words (derivational compounds or compound derivatives) = two or more root morphemes + one or more derivational affixes + (functional affix)
e.g. job-hopper, pen-holder, light-mindedness